Review Article

Venomous and Poisonous Australian Animals of Veterinary Importance: A Rich Source of Novel Therapeutics

Table 1

An overview of the major toxin classes with clinical effects in snake venom and their indications. Note myotoxins are necrotic and often lead to death via diaphragmatic paralysis.

Toxin classRepresentative toxinClinical effects

CardiotoxinCardiotoxin IIIIrregular or ceased heartbeat
HemotoxinConvulxinHemolysis or coagulation
MyotoxinCrotamineMuscle necrosis
NephrotoxinRVV-7Decreased creatinine clearance
Neurotoxin
 PresynapticDendrotoxinNerve paralysis
 Postsynaptic -BungarotoxinNumbness, paralysis
 AnticholinesteraseFasciculinExtended fasciculation