DNA Damage and Its Cellular Response in Mother and Fetus Exposed to Hyperglycemic Environment

Table 1

Maternal and fetal DNA integrity in hyperglycemic environment.

Reference	Study type	Type of diabetes	Sample	Evaluation	Main results
[37]	Experimental	Severe	Maternal leukocytes	Comet assay	Basal DNA damage in severe diabetes
[38]	Experimental	Severe	Fetal leukocytes	Comet assay	Basal DNA damage in severe diabetes
[7]	Experimental	Mild and severe	Maternal and fetal leukocytes	Comet Assay with Fpg and Endo III enzymes*	Oxidative DNA damage in severe diabetes
[39]	Clinical	GDM	Maternal urine	8-oxodG levels	Elevated in early pregnancy that results in GDM
[40]	Clinical	Pregestational	Umbilical vein plasma	8-oxodG levels	No difference
[41]	Clinical	Pregestational and GDM	Cord blood mononuclear cell	Telomere length and telomerase activity	Telomerase activity higher in cord blood from T1DM and GDM
[27]	Clinical	GDM	Cord blood mononuclear cells	Mitochondrial translocation of hTERT	Increased mitochondrial hTERT levels in GDM

GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; hTERT: human telomerase reverse transcriptase. *The endonuclease III (Endo III) and formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG) are enzymes used to detect oxidative DNA damage.