20 min crushed ice, 1.1 kg 2 different conditions ice bag with compression, ice bag without compression 72-hour rest interval
Ankle dominant leg
M—9 F—21 Age: 20.6 ± 1
Star excursion balance test reaching nondominant leg as far as possible V-rich distance, normalized [%] Static balance, single leg 10 s period V-path and velocity of COP
30 min water immersion Temp.: cold water (14 ± 1°C) tepid water (28 ± 1°C) participants were seated in a water immersed to the level of umbilicus Data collection: before and after
Knee dominant extremity
M—8 F—6 Age: 23.3 ± 1
A-JPS non-weight-bearing P: seated position with the leg 90° flexion of knee ~35°, 55°, and 75° randomly assigned index angle ~5 s hold and reproduced weight-bearing P: stand with 95% approx. of body weight on testing leg Flexion (~60°) to Extension (~45°) extension (0°) to flexion (45°) 3 trials for each angle Blindfolded V-absolute error, relative error, variable error °
Eagle 3D Motion Systemc 3 markers: (i) greater trochanter, (ii) lateral epicondyle of the femur, (iii) lateral malleolus = 400 Hz
15 min water immersion Temp.: 6 ± 1°C 5 cm above the malleolus Data collection: before, after, and 15 min after
Ankle dominant extremity
F—30 Age: 21.9 ± 0.8
A-JPS and P-JPS P: seated from neutral position to the middle range of dorsal-flexion at 10° and 20° of plantar-flexion, first passive and then active time to memorize 3 s Blindfolded, V-error [°]
20 min crushed ice 1200 g Ice bag: 20 25 cm Data collection: before and immediately after
Knee, quadriceps muscle dominant extremity
M—6 F—9 Age: 22.4 ± 1.4
A-JPS reproduction of 7 angles between 40° and 60°, 3 trials OKC P: seated 90° flexion of knee, movement to extension with velocity ~10°/s, time to memorize 5 s Blindfolded V-absolute error, relative error °
4 markers: (i) greater trochanter, (ii) lateral epicondyle of the femur, (iii) lateral malleolus, (iv) neck of fibula Video images analysisd
for all variables no difference due to cryotherapy location
30 min cold pack (3M cold/hot gel pack) center of the gel pack over the tip of the patella 1 week later, following cold spray application Data collection: before, after balance test, 5 min after
Knee dominant extremity
M—15 Age: 22 ± 2.8
P-JPS P: seated 90° flexion of knee movement velocity 5°/s, towards flexion or extension Test: press stop button in the middle of the range of motion-45° Blindfolded, 3 trials V-absolute error ° Balance test V-balance index-BI
Cybex dynamometere Movable platformf
for all variables but not for cold spray in case of balance test
As long as temp. decrease 3°C with respect to control muscle temp. Specifically made ice blanket consisting of large, thick plastic sacks filled with crushed ice
Both full legs (from gluteal to the foot)
F—9 Age: 22 ± 3
Balance tests quiet standing, barefoot, 2 visual conditions, eyes open and closed, Two positions: Romberg position (large support base) Modified Tandem position (narrow support base) Duration: 30 s took to analysis, 3 times 2 min rest between trials V-root mean square (RMS), mean velocity (MV), sway area (SA), mean power frequently (MPF) of COP muscle temp. (1 cm below subcutaneous fat layer-vastus lateralis), skin temp. (2 sites of vastus lateralis and soleus), and core temp. were measured
20 min cubed ice ice bag 1.15 l, 1500 g The middle of the ice was centered over the acromion Data collection: before 2 times, after once
Shoulder dominant extremity
M—14 F—8 Age: 21.6 ± 2.4
A-JPS P: standing (1) 20 FLEX-20° of shoulder flexion with 0° of humeral rotation and full elbow extension (2) 90 ABDER-90° of shoulder abduction with 90° of external rotation and full elbow extension Test: angle reproduction from 1 to 2 and from 2 to 1 position Blindfolded 3 trials in each direction V-aiming error [cm] functional ability of shoulder test V-functional throwing performance test-FTPI
20 min cubed ice (2 cm3/cub) ~0.5–1 kg Plastic bag: 24.5 45.7 cm anterior surface of the knee joint Data collection: before, after, 15 min and 30 min after
Knee chosen by subject
M—9 F—11 Age: 23.8 ± 3.6
5 baseline forward jumps, Single leg landing at least 30 s rest between trials avg. from 5 trials V-F ground reaction forces [N/kg], sagittal knee joint motion °, RMS of EMG [V]: gluteus medius, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, medial gastrocnemius
30 min cubed ice, 1 kg Ice bag: 20 25 cm over the tip of the acromion Data collection: before, after
Shoulder dominant extremity
M—15 F—15 Age: 22.2 ± 3.4
A-JPS P: standing with 90° shoulder abduction and 90° elbow flexion, the target angle position: 90% of internal (IR) and external rotation (ER), time to memorize 3 s 3 trials in each direction Blindfolded V-absolute error, variable error, constant error °
15 min ice-bath immersion Temp. of water: 10°C ~2,54 cm arm proximal to the medial epicondyle to the distal end of finders Data collection: before, after, and 15 min after
2x both arms
M—8 F—7 Age: 22 ± 3
Force sense test P: sitting comfortably in a chair in front of a table (1) MIVC (10 s, 3 trials), pinch force measurements between thumb and index finger (2) Sensation tests: cutaneous sensation [g] 2-point discrimination testing [mm] (3) 10, 25, 40% of MIVC 5 trials, 30 s, 30 s break V-RMS of force; avg. and sd [N]
Force grip barsk Monofilaments systeml Disk-Criminatorm
15 min Icing System 2000n maintains temp. 4°C of cooling pad Data collection: before, after, and 15 min after
Knee 2 days later other knee
M—10 F—10 Age: 24.5
A-JPS P: seated 90° of knee flexion, leg was stopped at 10 different target angles between 5 and 25° knee flexion time to memorize 3 s, 10°/s velocity Blindfolded, 10 trials V-flexion error, extension error ° Knee laxity test
20 min crushed ice in a moist towel over the anterior aspects of the thigh Data collection: before, after
Quadriceps muscle dominant extremity
M—14 F—6 Age: 22.1 ± 2.6
Weight-discrimination task P: seated of 90° flexion of the knee, movement: extension-flexion standard weight 2.5 kg Comparison weight: 0.5–0.4–0.28–0.11 kg Which weigh was heavier? 14 trials, blindfolded V-% of correct discrimination
20 min 2 ice packs (30,5 49 cm), 1160 g of ice each One covered approx. 10 cm above to 10 cm below the patella, the other on and around popliteal space
Knee left leg
M—21 F—16 Age: 23.4 ± 6.3
A-JPS P: seated, randomly assigned starting angles: 90, 60, or 30° of knee flexion, reproduce the movement for both the angles and timing of motion 90–60°, 60–30°, 30-full extension 2 trials in each sector Blindfolded V-peak angle, final angle °movement reproduction, total time of repetition [s]
One-leg balance test P: stork stand [s] Topagnosis test [cm] 2-point discrimination [cm]
A marker Stopwatch
Investigation instruments:
aBiodex Balance System, Biodex Medical System, Inc. Shirley, New York
bAMTI Accusway, AMTI Copr., Watertown, MA
cEagle 3D (5 cameras), Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA, USA
dAriel Performance Analysis System, Ariel Dynamics, CA, USA
eCybex 770 Norm, Lumex Inc., Ronkonkoma, NY, USA
fKAT 3000, Breg., Vista, CA, USA
gKistler 9261A, Winterthur, Switzerland
hBiodex System 3, Biodex Medical Inc., Shirley, NY, USA
iELGOM, model SG110, Biometrics, Ltd., Ladysmith, VA
jTyp, 4060-10, Bertec, Inc., Columbus, Ohio
kVishay Measurements Group, Shelton, CT
lSemmes-Weinstein monofilament, Lafayette Instruments, Lafayette, IN
mLafayette Instruments, Lafayette, IN
nIcing System 2000, Nippon Sigmax, Japan
oCybex International Inc., 10 Trotter Dr, Medway, MA 02053
pKT2000TM MEDmetric Corp, 7542 Trade St, San Diego, CA 92121-2412
qModel 2400, Midland Co, Columbia, SC
rKin-Com, Isokinetic Dynamometer, Chattecx Corp., Hixson, TN Abbreviations: A-JPS: Active joint position sense P-JPS: Passive joint position sense002E PMR: Path of motion replication LOS: Limits of stability OKC: Open kinetic chain CKC: Closed kinetic chain : Number of subjects F: Female M: Male V: Dependent variable P: Initial position A/P: Anterior-posterior M/L: Mediolateral Age (mean, ±standard deviation).
