Serial Serum Leukocyte Apoptosis Levels as Predictors of Outcome in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury
Table 1
Demographic data of patients and controls on admission.
Parameter
TBI patients ()
Controls ()
value
Age (y), median (IQR)
36 (20, 54)
47 (36, 59)
0.003
Male
55
13
0.263
Underlying diseases
Hypertension
8
0
1.000
Diabetes mellitus
3
0
1.000
Alcoholism
9
0
1.000
Smoking
8
0
1.000
Clinical features at presentation
Posttraumatic amnesia
18
NA
Brief unconsciousness
51
NA
Motor deficits
17
NA
GCS at presentation
15 (13, 15)
NA
Severity of traumatic brain injury
Mild
68
NA
Moderate
8
NA
Severe
12
NA
Injury severity score at presentation
16 (11, 20)
NA
Laboratory data at presentation, Median (IQR)
WBC (103/mL)
12.9 (10.4, 16.3)
5.5 (4.4, 6)
≤0.001
Platelet counts (103/mL)
209 (157, 276)
211 (180, 247)
0.805
Brain imaging findings at presentation
Depressed skull fracture
2
NA
Pneumocranium
9
NA
Traumatic SAH
45
NA
Subdural hemorrhage
34
NA
Epidural hemorrhage
16
NA
Parenchymal contusion hemorrhage
20
NA
Neurosurgical intervention
18
NA
Total leukocyte apoptosis (%)
Annexin V (%)
15.14 (10.78, 19.35)
10.86 (8.76, 13.42)
≤0.001
APO2.7 (%)
1.61 (0.99, 2.64)
0.72 (0.52, 0.85)
≤0.001
Annexin V+7-AAD (%)
3.54 (2.20, 5.59)
3.22 (2.55, 4.52)
0.600
Neutrophil apoptosis (%)
Annexin V (%)
18.99 (12.60, 26.51)
13.9 (10.25, 17.97)
0.010
APO2.7 (%)
0.94 (0.55, 1.74)
0.51 (0.4, 0.61)
≤0.001
Annexin V+7-AAD (%)
2.33 (1.09, 5.46)
3.9 (2.23, 5.53)
0.043
Lymphocyte apoptosis (%)
Annexin V (%)
6.31 (4.98, 8.92)
4.8 (3.82, 6.72)
0.003
APO2.7 (%)
0.78 (0.5, 1.19)
0.31 (0.22, 0.43)
≤0.001
Annexin V+7-AAD (%)
1.5 (1.13, 2.38)
1.53 (0.92, 2.09)
0.526
Monocyte apoptosis (%)
Annexin V (%)
19.60 (15.4, 26.42)
17.38 (12.4, 21.57)
0.074
APO2.7 (%)
4.29 (1.93, 8.29)
1.75 (1.06, 2.66)
≤0.001
Annexin V+7-AAD (%)
5.0 (3.37, 8.0)
4.55 (3.27, 6.02)
0.292
CI: confidence interval; GCS: Glasgow Outcome Scale; IQR: interquartile range; 7-AAD: 7-amino-actinomycin D. Data are presented either as absolute numbers or as medians with the interquartile range. Statistical significance was set at a level of . Statistical variance between groups was assessed by Fisher’s exact test for discrete variables and by the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables.
