The Renal Effects of Vanadate Exposure: Potential Biomarkers and Oxidative Stress as a Mechanism of Functional Renal Disorders—Preliminary Studies
Table 1
Operating parameters of the atomic absorption spectrometer with details of measurement of the levels of elements in biological samples as well as the certified and determined values of elements for the selected Certified Reference Materials (CRMs).
Parameters
Elements
V
Cu
Mg
Ca
Zn
Na
K
Technique
GF-AAS
GF-AAS
F-AAS
FT
—
Air-acetylene
FF (L/min)
Argon with the flow rate of 200 (mL/min) in all the steps except the atomization stage when the flow rate was 30 (mL/min)
1.8
GTT
PCGTs (PyroTube CHR)
—
SV (µL)
20 (µL)
—
SM
B-CIA
B-CIM
LC (mA)
10
7.5
7.5
10
5.0
10.0
10.0
WL (nm)
318.4
324.8
285.2
422.7
213.9
589.0
766.5
SW (nm)
1.3
1.3
1.3
0.2
1.3
0.2
1.3
DL (LOD)
K: 0.11 (µg/L)
K: 0.28 (µg/L)
K: 1 × 10−5 (mg/L)
K: 0.09 (mg/L)
K: 1 × 10−3 (mg/L)
K: 3.1 × 10−3 (mg/L)
K: 5.5 × 10−3 (mg/L)
U: 0.23 (µg/L)
U: 0.14 (µg/L)
U: 6 × 10−5 (mg/L)
U: 0.36 (mg/L)
U: 0.6 (µ g/L)
U:**
U:**
P: 0.23 (µg/L)
P: √
P: √
P: √
P: √
P:**
P:**
FD: 0.47 (µg/L)
FD: 8 × 10−4 (mg/L)
FD: 0.13 (mg/L)
LOQ
K: 0.33 (µg/L)
K: 0.84 (µg/L)
K: 3 × 10−5 (mg/L)
K: 0.27 (mg/L)
K: 3 × 10−3 (mg/L)
K: 9.3 × 10−3 (mg/L)
K: 16.5 × 10−3 (mg/L)
U: 0.69 (µg/L)
U: 0.42 (µg/L)
U: 1.8 × 10−4 (mg/L)
U: 1.08 (mg/L)
U: 1.8 (µ g/L)
U:**
U:**
P: 0.69 (µg/L)
P: √
P: √
P: √
P: √
P:**
P:**
FD: 1.41 (µg/L)
FD: 2.4 × 10−3 (mg/L)
FD: 0.39 (mg/L)
CV (%)
0.2–2
0.5–2
0.5–1
Elements
Bovine Liver 1577 c
Seronorm Trace Elements Urine 201205
Trace Elements in Natural Water 1640 a
Certified value
Determined value
Certified value
Determined value
Certified value
Determined value
Mg
620 ± 42 (mg/kg)
657.4 ± 20.2 (mg/kg)
71.1 ± 2.5 (mg/L)
69.7 ± 2.3 (mg/L)
1.058 ± 0.0040 (mg/L)
1.059 ± 0.040 (mg/L)
Ca
131 ± 10 (mg/kg)
133.4 ± 15.2 (mg/kg)
111 ± 2 (mg/L)
111.9 ± 1.2 (mg/L)
5.615 ± 0.021 (mg/L)
5.649 ± 0.028 (mg/L)
V
8.17 ± 0.66 (µg/kg)
10.2 ± 1.6 (µg/kg)
25.2 ± 1.4 (µg/L)
22.43 ± 0.56 (µg/L)
12.99 ± 0.37 (µg/L)
12.33 ± 0.35 (µg/L)
Zn
181.1 ± 1.0 (mg/kg)
180.3 ± 8.7 (mg/kg)
1141 ± 79 (µg/L)
1100.6 ± 24.4 (µg/L)
55.64 ± 0.35 (µg/L)
55.50 ± 0.17 (µg/L)
Cu
275.2 ± 4.6 (mg/kg)
268.6 ± 4.7 (mg/kg)
78 ± 8 (µg/L)
92.4 ± 6.9 (µg/L)
85.75 ± 0.51 (µg/L)
85.45 ± 0.14 (µg/L)
Na
2.033 ± 0.064 (mg/kg)
1.969 ± 0.015 (mg/kg)
2307 ± 56 (mg/L)
2376 ± 45 (mg/L)
3.137 ± 0.031 (mg/L)
3.150 ± 0.025 (mg/L)
K
—
—
1903 ± 42 (mg/L)
1930 ± 40 (mg/L)
0.5799 ± 0.0023 (mg/L)
0.5818 ± 0.0209 (mg/L)
Elements
Bone Ash 1400
Certified value
Determined value
Mg
6.84 ± 0.13 (mg/g)
6.774 ± 0.065 (mg/g)
Ca
381.8 ± 1.3 (mg/g)
384.8 ± 2.2 (mg/g)
FT: flame type; FF: fuel flow; GTT: graphite tube type; SV: sample volume; SM: signal mode; LC: lamp current; WL: wavelength; SW: slit width; PCGTs: pyrolytically coated graphite tubes; B-CIA: background-corrected integrated absorbance; B-CIM: background-corrected integral mode. √,**Determined colourimetrically or by an EasyLyte analyser, respectively. DL (LOD): detection limit. LOQ: quantification limit. CV: coefficient of variation. K: kidney; U: urine; P: plasma; FD: femoral diaphysis. Mean ± SD, .
