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Plant-derived antimicrobials | Chemical structure | Examples* | Selected antimicrobial spectrum | References |
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Phenolics and polyphenols |
Flavonoids | (Beecher, 2003) [263] | Flavones(apigenin, chrysin, rutin) Flavanones(naringenin, fisetin) Catechins(catechin, epicatechin) Anthocyanins(cyanidin, petunidin) | Listeria monocytogenes Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli O157:H7 Salmonella enterica Vibrio cholera Pseudomonas aeruginosa Acinetobacter baumannii Klebsiella pneumonia Aspergillus flavus Penicillium sp. Cladosporium sp. | Beecher, 2003 [263]; Chye and Hoh, 2007 [264]; Orhan et al., 2010 [265]; Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn, 2010 [266]; Ozçelik et al., 2008 [267]; Cushnie and Lamb, 2005 [268] |
Quinones | (Cowan, 1999) [34] | Anthraquinone Benzoquinone Naphthoquinone Plastoquinone Pyrroloquinoline quinone | Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacillus subtilis Cryptococcus neoformans | Ignacimuthu et al., 2009 [269]; Singh et al., 2006 [270]; Cowan, 1999 [34] |
Tannins | (Scalbert, 1991) [46] | Tannic acid Gallic acid Proanthocyanidins | Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus Listeria monocytogenes Salmonella enterica Campylobacter jejuni | Engels et al., 2009 [271]; Scalbert, 1991 [46] |
Coumarins | (Cowan, 1999) [34] | Ammoresinol Ostruthin Anthogenol Agasyllin | Staphylococcus aureus Listeria monocytogenes Escherichia coli O157:H7 Salmonella Typhimurium Salmonella Enteritidis Vibrio parahaemolyticus | Basile et al., 2009 [272]; Ulate-Rodríguez et al., 1997 [273]; Venugopala et al., 2013 [274]; Saleem et al., 2010 [275]; Cowan, 1999 [34] |
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Alkaloids |
Terpenoids | (Ulubelen, 2003) [276] | Carotenoids Terpinene Isopentenyl pyrophosphate | Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Vibrio cholera Salmonella typhi | Ulubelen, 2003 [276]; Bach et al., 2011 [277]; Batista et al., 1994 [278]; Mathabe et al., 2008 [279] |
Lectins and polypeptides | Concanavalin A (Hardman and Ainsworth, 1972) [280] | Concanavalin A Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) | Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Candida albicans | Hardman and Ainsworth, 1972 [280]; Petnual et al., 2010 [281]; Kheeree et al., 2010 [282]; Peumans and Van Damme, 1995 [283] |
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