Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Activities of Safflower Natural Dyes during Flowering

Table 6

Antibacterial and antifungal capacities of precarthamin isolated from C. tinctorius flowers during flowering.

Flowering stage

Bacterial strains

Yeast strains

𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑠; ATCC 14759

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

E. coli ATCC 25218

Staphylococcus aureus; ATCC 25923

Pseudomonas aeruginosa; ATCC 27853

𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑠

IZ

MIC

IZ

MIC

IZ

MIC

IZ

MIC

IZ

MIC

IZ

MIC

Bu

11.26 ± 0.55^a

168 ± 0.23^c

nd

nd

13.00 ± 0.55^c

156 ± 0.28^b

nd

nd

12.00 ± 0.89^c

159.5 ± 0.96^c

7.11 ± 0.37^c

240 ± 0.24^a

F

8.58 ± 0.74^d

201 ± 0.54^a

10.08 ± 0.55^c

166 ± 0.74^a

13.50 ± 0.69^c

159 ± 0.11^a

nd

nd

10.39 ± 0.22^d

167 ± 0.55^a

8.99 ± 0.07^b

235 ± 0.33^b

FF

9.89 ± 0.03^c

199 ± 0.11^b

12.30 ± 0.56^b

160 ± 0.0^b

15.23 ± 0.57^b

152 ± 0.34^c

nd

nd

13.37 ± 0.83^b

160.25 ± 0.63

10.20 ± 0.78^a

230 ± 0.14^d

Se

10.05 ± 0.88^b

165 ± 0.14^d

13.20 ± 0.23^a

158 ± 0.20^b

16.89 ± 1.31^a

150 ± 0.18^d

nd

nd

15.93 ± 0.27^a

153 ± 0.74^d

9.03 ± 0.23^b

233 ± 0.22^c

Synthetic standards

Gentamicin

22

—

25

—

28

—

35

—

23

—

—

—

Nystatin

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

25

—

Bu: bud formation, F: flower formation, FF: full flowering, and Se: seed formation. nd: not detected. Data are reported as means ± SD (𝑛=3) and compared to control (C). ANOVA is followed by Duncan multiple range test (𝑃<0.05). Values in the same column with different superscripts (a–d) are significantly different at 𝑃<0.05.