Association between Giardia duodenalis and Coinfection with Other Diarrhea-Causing Pathogens in India

Figure 4

Age-wise distribution of Giardia and its relationship with coinfecting pathogens. (a) Distribution of single infections of Giardia and mixed infections with other pathogens across six age categories. Note the decreasing slope of the trend line in the older age groups. (b) Age distribution of Giardia cases according to their coinfection status with other pathogens. Trend line of ≤5 years shows that coinfection is highest for rotavirus, followed by Vibrio cholerae, and for the >5–10 and >10–20 age groups coinfection with V. cholerae is higher.

(a) Age distribution of sole and mixed Giardia infection

(b) Coinfection status of G. duodenalis stratified by age group