High Prevalence of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) Genes in Nosocomial-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Tertiary Care Hospitals in Nepal
Table 1
PVL prevalence grouped according to infection site, age group, methicillin resistance, and macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance types.
PVL-negative isolates (%)
PVL-positive isolates (%)
Infection site
Body fluid ()
1 (50.0%)
1 (50.0%)
SSI ()
35 (64.8%)
19 (35.3%)
Lower RTI ()
7 (77.8%)
2 (22.2%)
UTI ()
4 (50.0%)
4 (50.0%)
Age group
≤30 years ()
17 (63.0%)
10 (37.0%)
≥31 years ()
30 (65.2%)
16 (34.8%)
Methicillin resistance
MSSA (27)
13 (48.1%)
14 (51.9%)
MRSA (46)
34 (73.9%)
12 (26.1%)
(i) Heterogeneous MRSA ()
4 (26.7%)
11 (73.3%)
(ii) Homogeneous MRSA ()
30 (96.8%)
1 (3.2%)
(i) nmMRSA ()
2 (40.0%)
3 (60.0%)
(ii) mMRSA ()
32 (78.0%)
9 (22.0%)
Macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance
No resistance ()
13 (54.2%)
11 (45.8%)
MSB ()
1 (6.2%)
15 (93.8%)
MLSB ()
32 (100.0%)
0 (0.0%)
SSI: surgical site infection; RTI: respiratory tract infection; UTI: urinary tract infection; nmMRSA: nonmultiresistant MRSA; mMRSA: multiresistant MRSA; MSB: macrolide-streptogramin B resistance; MLSB: macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance.
