Endothelium and Its Alterations in Cardiovascular Diseases: Life Style Intervention

Figure 4

Main pathways activated during hyperglycaemia and low insulin level that alter the modulation of vascular tone, reducing nitric oxide, and increasing endothelin-1 release and so lead to endothelial dysfunction and diabetes-associated vascular disease. Cav-1: caveolin-1, eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ET-1: endothelin-1; NO: nitric oxide.