|
| Sample type and location | Zn (mg/kg) range (mean) | Cu (mg/kg) range (mean) | Fe (mg/kg) range (mean) | Mn (mg/kg) range (mean) | Cd (mg/kg) range (mean) | Cr (mg/kg) range (mean) | Ni (mg/kg) range (mean) | Pb (mg/kg) range (mean) | As (mg/kg) range (mean) | Ref. |
|
A | Soil/dust | | | | | | | | | | |
| EU (6 < pH < 7) | 150–300 | 50–140 | — | — | 1–3 | 100–150 | 30–75 | 50–300 | — | [64] |
| USA | 1400 | 750 | — | — | 20 | 1500 | 210 | 150 | — | |
| (soil on which sewage sludge is applied) | | | | | | | | | | |
1 | Soil, Hattar Industrial Estate, KPK () | 0.02–49.64 (2.61) | — | 0.78–196 (15.02) | 0.02–7 (1.21) | 0.02–1.4 (0.17) | 0.240–34.06 (5.96) | 0.02–18.4 (1.51) | 0.02–23.02 (4.46) | — | [65] |
2 | Soil near tannery effluent, Peshawar, KPK () | 0.23–8.42 (2.381) | — | 0.11–87.10 (18.03) | 0.43–9.68 (5.29) | 0.14–1.0 (0.60) | 0.81–100.2 (29.9) | 1.02–9.72 (4.45) | 2.27–8.43 (4.66) | — | [66] |
3 | Soil amended with sewage sludge, Hyderabad, Sindh () (wet acid digestion method) | (208.6 ± 6.5) | (32.2 ± 1.52) | — | — | (4.3 ± 0.41) | (34.6 ± 2.1) | (6.2 ± 0.48) | (67.4 ± 4.0) | — | [67] |
4 | Soil from Islamabad capital territory () | 69.20–115 (91.05) | 20–30 (25) | — | — | 5.8–6.1 (5.95) | — | 30–38 (32) | 40–90 (62.5) | — | [68] |
Islamabad expressway dust | 64.3–169 (116) | 30–80 (52) | | | 4.5–6.8 (5.0) | | 10–30 (23) | 60–150 (104) | | |
5 | Soil, Punjab () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7–35 (11.08) | [69] |
6 | Soil from South East of Sindh () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8.7–46.2 | [70] |
7 | Soil along motorway (M-2) (3 regions and 2 zones) () | (81.40) | — | — | — | (0.46) | (14.61) | (14.19) | (0.5) | — | [71] |
8 | Soil, Jhanjar valley, Punjab () | 56–136 (97.5) | — | — | — | — | 12–67 (34.29) | 15–81 (31.93) | 3–24 (14.86) | — | [72] |
9 | Soil, Gilgit area, North Pakistan () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Kondas | (590) | (147) | | | | (1.0) | (52) | (35) | | [73] |
Dainyor | (1193) | (99) | | | | (0.85) | (31) | (36) | | |
Nagirl | (172) | (55) | | | | (0.3) | (36) | (43) | | |
Jageer Baseen | (210) | (72) | | | | (0.75) | (57) | (29) | | |
Naltar | (460) | (71) | | | | (2.3) | (24) | (138) | | |
10 | Soil, industrial zone of Islamabad | 61.9–172.6 | 8.9–357.4 | — | — | — | [74] | 41.4–59.3 | 2.0–29.0 | — | [75] |
11 | Soil at livestock experimental station, Khizerabad, district Sargodha, Punjab | — | — | — | — | — | 0.006-0.007 | — | — | — | [76] |
12 | Soil along the N-5 national highway near various cities (Lahore, Multan, Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan, Ubauro, Sukkur, Moro, Hyderabad, Karachi) () | 13.83–180 (56.72) | 5.26–26.88 (12.98) | 2.70–7.98 (3.96) | 117.6–309 (174.09) | 0.56–1.25 (0.84) | — | 5.96–13.23 (8.82) | 12.3–176 (36.46) | — | [77] |
13 | Soil, Pb–Zn sulfide horizon/mineralized site, Kohistan region, North Pakistan | — — | — — | — — | — — | — — | — — | — — | — — | — | [74] |
Contaminated Pazang site | 95–1072 (361) | 31–412 (193) | 12715–63815 (25080) | 465–5735 (2437) | 0.6–5.0 (2.0) | 42–756 (146) | 64–318 (99) | 12–1337 (117) | | |
Reference Pazang site | 24–179 (115) | 23–114 (68) | 1200–23225 (14645) | 14–702 (471) | 0.4–3.2 (1.3) | 60–409 (252) | 51–253 (158) | 23–81 (51) | | |
Contaminated Lahore site | 213–29755 (5123) | 111–345 (205) | 17250–51750 (26960) | 266–15420 (5779) | 0.4–184 (20) | 92–850 (439) | 18–324 (172) | 5–10300 (1753) | | |
Reference Lahore site | 86–410 (202) | 25–79 (48) | 5840–13905 (10958) | 269–1048 (636) | 1.8–3.4 (2.8) | 123–154 (139) | 26–48 (35) | 23–97 (70) | | |
14 | Soil collected from 40 different localities around Peshawar, KPK | — | — | — | — | 0.02–0.37 (0.24) | 0.04–1.92 (0.35) | 0.02–1.11 (0.65) | 0.02–7.52 (2.58) | — | [78] |
|
| Sediments | | | | | | | | | | |
1 | Coastal area, Karachi, Sindh | | | | | | | | | | |
Buleji | (0.101) | (0.010) |
(5.064) | (5.550) | (0.007) | (0.040) | (0.034) | (0.088) | | [15] |
Paradise point | (0.035) | (0.013) | (7.410) | (4.950) | (0.014) | (0.027) | (0.038) | (0.070) | | |
Nathia Gali | (0.041) | (0.013) | (7.790) | (5.060) | (0.006) | (0.024) | (0.030) | (0.059) | | |
2 | Manchar lake, Sindh () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 11.3–55.8 | [70] |
3 | River Ravi, Punjab () | — | 3.38–159.79 | — | — | 0.99–3.17 | 4.60–57.40 | — | — | — | [79] |
4 | Coastal sediments of the Arabian sea along the urban Karachi, Sindh (9 locations) () | 3.31–389.23 | 62.95–272 | 0.55–6.47 (3.51) | 318–1.15 | 0.01–24.34 | 2.95–180.90 | 7.48–74.91 | 6.33–121.03 | — | [80] |
5 | Surface sediments in Karachi coastal sites, Sindh | 15.6–666 (204.79) | — | — | 300–1300 (500) | — | 12.0–319 (96.75) | 1.53–58.9 (31.39) | 9.0–49.5 (23.24) | — | [81] |
| Particulate matter (μg/m
3) | | | | | | | | | | |
| WHO | — | — | — | 0.15 | 0.005 | — | — | 0.5 | — | [82] |
1 | Islamabad, Station 1 () and Station 2 () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.004–4.07 (4.07) 0.016–4.0 (3.98) | — | [83] |
2 | Islamabad, urban site () and rural site () | 0.003–2.350 (0.567) 0.011–1.790 (0.666) | — | 0.037–2.950 (0.667) 0.002–1.990 (0.573) | 0.011–0.314 (0.056) 0.002–0.400 (0.066) | 0.002–0.007 (0.003) 0.001–0.017 (0.002) | 0.001–0.398 (0.036) 0.001–0.042 (0.008) | 0.001–0.064 (0.008) 0.001–0.065 (0.004) | 0.003–4.0 (0.163) 0.002–4.075 (0.327) | | [84] |
3 | Urban areas of Islamabad () | 0.02–2.07 (1.021) | — | 0.03–5.97 (1.761) | 0.008–0.08 (0.055) | 0.001–0.01 (0.004) | 0.002–0.08 (0.018) | 0.006–0.15 (0.017) | 0.013–0.36 (0.128) | — | [85] |
4 | Urban atmosphere, Islamabad () | 0.022–8.62 (1.702) | — | 0.24–6.218 (2.073) | 0.005–0.37 (0.073) | 0.001–0.019 (0.004) | 0.002–0.08 (0.018) | 0.002–0.08 (0.018) | 0.002–0.89 (0.182) | — | [86] |
5 | Ambient air particulate matter, Lahore, Punjab | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.23–2.23 | [87] |
6 | Particulate Matter in urban atmosphere of Islamabad () | 0.022–13.2 (2.311) | 0.023–7.51 (0.306) | 0.088–11.2 (2.464) | 0.005–0.52 (0.079) | 0.001–0.019 (0.004) | 0.001–0.08 (0.010) | 0.002–0.13 (0.024) | 0.005–0.89 (0.144) | — | [88] |
7 | Atmosphere of Lahore, Punjab | (10) | (0.012) | (1.7) | (0.44) | (0.069) | (0.012) | (0.0044) | (3.6) | — | [89] |
PM2.5 | (11) | (0.003) | (8.2) | (2.1) | (0.07) | (0.0014) | (0.018) | (4.4) | | |
PM10 | | | | | | | | | | |
|