No Evidence for an Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Migraine: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Table 1

Synthesis of epidemiological studies exploring the association between vitamin D and migraine.

Author	Study design	Study population	Outcome	Reference
Thys-Jacobs, 1994	Case report	2 premenopausal women with migraine	Migraine attenuation after therapy with vitamin D	[15]
Thys-Jacobs, 1994	Case report	2 postmenopausal women with migraine	Migraine attenuation after therapy with vitamin D	[16]
Wheeler, 2008	Observational	54 migraine patients	Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency observed in 40.7% and 14.8% of patients	[17]
Kjaergaard et al., 2012	Cross-sectional	248 nonsmoker migraine patients and 6121 controls; 74 smoker migraine patients and 1432 controls	Serum vitamin D marginally lower in cases than in controls in nonsmokers but not in smokers	[18]
Khorvash et al., 2013	Observational	66 migraine patients	Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency observed in 66.7% and 13.6% of patients	[19]
Mottaghi et al., 2013	Observational	76 migraine patients	Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency observed in 68.4% and 13.2% of patients	[20]
Zandifar et al., 2014	Cross-sectional	105 migraine patients and 110 controls	Serum vitamin D not significantly different between cases and controls	[21]