Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Gymnema sylvestre: An Important Medicinal Plant

Table 1

Phytoconstituents in Gymnema sylvestre.

Phytoconstituents	Classification	Molecular structure			Reference
Triterpene saponins	Gymnemic acids-acylated (tiglolyl, methylbutyroyl) derivatives of deacylgymnemic acid (DAGA) which is a 3-O-β-glucouronide of gymnemagenin (3β, 16β, 21β, 22α, 23, 28-hexahydroxy-olean-12-ene).				[30]
		Gymnemic acid types	R1	R2
		Gymnemic acid I	Tigloyl	Ac
		Gymnemic acid II	2-methylbutyroyl	Ac
		Gymnemic acid III	2-methylbutyroyl	H
		Gymnemic acid IV	Tigloyl	H
Oleanane saponins	Gymnemic acids and gymnemasaponins				[31]
Dammarene saponins	Gymnemosides a, b, c, d, e, and f				[31]
Gurmarin	A novel 35-amino-acid peptide with a 4209 molecular weight	<^1Glu- Gln- Cys- Val- ^5Lys- Lys- Asp- Glu- Leu- ^10Cys- Ile- Pro-Tyr- Tyr- ^15Leu- Asp- Cys- Cys- Glu- ^20Pro- Leu- Glu- Cys- Lys-^25Lys- Val- Asn- Trp- Trp- ^30Asp- His- Lys- Cys- Ile- ^35Gly>.; (Glu = pyroglutamic-acid residue)			[32]
Triterpenoid saponins
Gymnemasins A	3-O [β-D-glucopyranosyl (1-3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-22-O-tiglyol gymnemanol	—
Gymnemasins B	3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-β-D-glucuro-nopyranosyl]-gymnemanol	—			[33]
Gymnemasins C	3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-22-O-tigloyl-gymnemanol	—
Gymnemasins D	3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-gymnemanol	—
Gymnemanol (aglycone)	3,β-16,β-22, α-23-28-pentahydroxyolean-12-ene				[33]
Gymmestrogenin	Pentahydroxytriterpene				[31]
Flavonol glycoside	Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-6)- β-D-galactopyranoside				[34]
Sterols	Stigmasterol				[18]
d-Quercitol	—				[18]
Lupeol	—				[21]
Parabin	—				[21]
	Conduritol A				[35]
	Quercitol
β-Amyrin related glycosides	—	—			[22]
Anthraquinones	—	—			[22]