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Name of channel/stimuli | Localization on spermatozoa/availability | Role in Ca2+ influx | Role in sperm physiology | Effect of knocking down/absence | Reference |
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CatSper CatSper 1 CatSper 2 CatSper 3 CatSper 4 CatSperβ CatSperγ | Principal piece | Regulates Ca2+ influx | Ca2+ uptake, hyperactivated motility | Sterile | Barratt and Publicover, [19]; Qi et al. [20] |
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Hv1 | Principal piece | Intracellular pH, alkalization thus stimulate Ca2+ influx | Extrudes protons from flagella, alkalization | Fertile | Lishko et al. [21], Lishko et al. [22] |
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| Midpiece | Selectively transports the Ca2+ | Ca2+ influx, alkalization | Fertile | Navarro et al. [23] |
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TRPC | Principal piece, midpiece | Stimulates opening of CatSper | Ca2+ influx, cell depolarization | Fertile | Gees et al. [24], Castellano et al. [25] |
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CNG | Sperm flagellum, head | Stimulates opening of CatSper via cAMP/cGMP | Ca2+ influx | Fertile | Biel and Michalakis [26] |
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HCN | Flagellum | Depolarization and opening of CatSper | Ca2+ influx | Fertile | Wiesner et al. [27] |
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SOC | Plasma membrane | ZP-induced Ca2+ influx | Sperm chemotactic | Subfertile | Yoshida et al. [28] |
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sACY cAMP/cGMP | Intracellular space and cell membrane | Activates CatSper, CNG, and HCN to regulate Ca2+ influx | Ca2+ influx, alkalization | Sterile | Esposito et al. [29], Hess et al. [30] |
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GPCR(s) | Principal piece, midpiece | ZP-induced Ca2+ influx increases in [Ca2+]i | Maintains fertilization | Subfertile | Fukami et al. [31] Fukami et al. [32] |
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PLCδ | Acrosome | ZP induced increases in [Ca2+]i | Ca2+ influx | Subfertile | Fukami et al. [32] |
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Ca2+-ATPase pump | Principal piece | Intracellular pH and alkalization | Ca2+ influx, capacitation | Motility loss results in infertility | Wennemuth et al. [33] |
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ZP glycoproteins | Follicle | Induced Ca2+-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i | Hyperactivation, capacitation | Delayed capacitation | Florman [34], Florman et al. [35] |
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Endocrine disruptor (p,p′-DDE) | Female reproductive tract | Activates CatSper | Ca2+ influx | Motility loss, delayed capacitation | Tavares et al. [36] |
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BSA | Extracellular space | Similar to ZP glycoprotein | In vitro capacitation | Motility loss, subfertility |
Xia and Ren [37] Bailey and Storey [38] |
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Oviductal and follicular fluid | Extracellular space (in vivo) | Ca2+-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i in sperm | Ca2+ influx | Motility loss delayed capacitation | Xia and Ren [37] |
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