Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology

Table 7

Biological activities of some phytoconstituents reported in different parts of Foeniculum vulgare.

Sr. number	Biological activities	Part used^a	Phytochemicals	Reference
1	Oestrogenic	SDEO	Dianethole,; photoanethole	[71]
2	Hepatoprotective	SDEO	𝛽-Myrcene,; Limonene	[9]
3	Antithrombotic	SDEO	trans-Anethole	[55]
4	Human liver cytochrome P450-3A4 inhibitory	SD	5-Methoxypsoralen	[83]
5	Antiradical scavenging	FW	3-Caffeoylquinic acid, quercetin-3-O-galactoside,; kaempferol-3-O-glucoside,; kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside,; rosmarinic acid	[67]
		AP	3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl-alchohol-6-O-caffeoyl-𝛽-D-glucopyranoside,; 3′,8′-binaringenin	[70]
6	Antioxidant	FT	cis-Miyabenol C	[139]
7	Anticancer	SDEO	Anethole	[110]
8	Antibacterial	ST	Dillapiol,; psoralen,; bergapten,; scopoletin,; imperatorin,; dillapional,	[100]
9	Antimycobacterial	ST, LF	2,4-Undecadienal,; linoleic acid,; oleic acid,; 1,3-benzenediol,; undecanal	[63]
10	Repellent	FT	(z)-9-Octadecanoic acid,; fenchone	[117]
11	Acaricidal	SDEO	para-Anisaldehyde	[118]
12	Insecticidal	SDEO	1,8-Cineole,; terpineol	[120]

aAP: aerial part, FT: fruit, LF: leaf, SD: seed, SDEO: seed essential oil, ST: stem, and FW: fennel waste.