Drug Delivery Systems, CNS Protection, and the Blood Brain Barrier

Table 2

Different types of inorganic nanoparticles, their uses, and application in biomedicine.

Inorganic nanoparticles	Composition	Applications	Advantages
Chitosan-nanoconjugated hormone nanoparticles	Chitosan and hormone	Deliver nontoxic, polynucleotide pharmaceuticals to neurocompartments	Show low immunogenicity
Insulin nanoparticles	Polymeric nanoparticle-cross-linked/beads	Oral delivery of insulin, imitates the production of insulin by pancreatic islet cells	Overcome cancer drug resistance, targeted treatment across barrier
Smrho protein loaded chitosan	Coated with sodium alginate or alginate	Oral vaccination, stable and fine target accessibility, and good immunization against; S. mansoni	Great stability and ease of target accessibility, immunostimulatory
Chitosan-sodium lauryl sulfate nanoparticles	Anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate	Oral delivery of insulin, biodegradable, stable in simulated gastric fluids, and bioavailability	Improve insulin oral bioavailability
Chitosan-Pluronic; nanoparticles	Chitosan and Pluronic F-127	Efficient oral formulation for colon cancer treatment	Effective delivery system with few side effects
Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles	A complex coacervation of DNA, chitosan, and sodium sulfate	Protect the encapsulated plasmid and increase transfection efficiency	Better loading, release, and cell uptake
Lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles	Chitosan and lecithin colloidal suspension	Progesterone delivery, model lipophilic drug, and shows good encapsulation efficiencies	Transdermal delivery of melatonin, biocompatible
Chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles	Fe3O4 nanoparticles as cores and chitosan (CS)	Noncytotoxic, PEG-CS-Fe3O4 as a stable magnetic targeting drug carrier in cancer therapy	Anticancer effect against human ovarian cancer cells, target integrin rich tumor cells
FVIII-chitosan nanoparticles	DNA polyplexes composed of chitosan; and factor VIII DNA	Oral delivery of a nonviral gene carrier, hemophilia A gene therapy	Nonviral delivery for gene medicine applications, delivery system practical for hemophilia A gene therapy
PEGylated chitosan-modified	Lipid-based poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)	Nontoxic biodegradable, oral, and dermal applications, improve the efficiency of the drug	PEGylated chitosan prolonged the retention time of the nanoparticles in the circulatory system and improved the bioavailability of cyclosporin A
mPEG-PLA Cyclosporin A-loaded	Polymeric micelles based on monomethoxy; poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(d,l-lactic acid),; (mPEG-PLA)	Spatial distribution of the drug within the nanoparticles	Improve the oral bioavailability of poor immune response
mPEG-PLA Cyclosporin A-loaded	Water soluble cyclosporin A (CyA) affected the intestinal P-gp efflux pumps	Good candidate for oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs	Stable and monodisperse nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous suspension
Chitosan PGA nanoparticles (PLGA NP)	Polylactic-co-glycolic acid incorporated nanoparticles	Capacity in repairing and regenerating wounded and dysfunctional tissues	Targeted, highly effective and safe treatment of lung cancer.
Thiolated chitosan; nanoparticles	A core of polymethyl methacrylate; surrounded by a thiolated chitosan	Longer half-life, oral drug delivery system for anticancer drugs	Potential enhancer buccal delivery of insulin, tensile strength, and bioadhesion force
Beta cyclodextrin carries	Ammonium beta cyclodextrin, (Ch-GSH-pMMA)	Anticancer drug delivery vehicles	Biocompatible, less toxic
Quaternary ammonium 𝛽-cyclodextrin (QAβCD)	Ammonium 𝛽-cyclodextrin	Carrier for doxorubicin (DOX), and hydrophobic anticancer drug, across the BBB	Great potential in safely and effectively delivering DOX and other therapeutic agents across the BBB.
𝛽-Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes	𝛽-Cyclodextrin (𝛽-CD), encapsulation	Delivery of neuroprotective drug	Form inclusion complexes which are a promising formulation for melanoma treatment, transdermal delivery of drugs
Amoxicillin 𝛽-cyclodextrin	Amoxicillin and 𝛽-lactam cyclodextrins of different sizes	Low toxicity and low pharmacological activity, protect drug molecules from biodegradation, increased drug transport	Orally administered sustained release formulation for the treatment of peptic ulcers
PLGA nanoparticles poly(lactide-co-glycolide)	Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA), a biodegradable polyester	Anticancer enhanced drug delivery to tumor cells, higher efficacy, and fewer side effects	Antibody conjugated ICG-DOX-PLGA nanoparticles have potential for combinatorial chemotherapy and hyperthermia
Lansoprazole-loaded nanoparticles	Lansoprazole-loaded Eudragit RS100 nanoparticles (ERSNP-LPZ) as well as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)	Sustained and prolonged drug delivery	Novel lansoprazole-loaded nanoparticles for the treatment of gastric ccid secretion-related ulcers
Nanocrystals	Aggregates of molecules, crystalline form of drug	Better biological distribution and bioavailability	Reduce toxic effect of drug
Magnetic nanoparticles	Super paramagnetic iron oxide particles display large magnetic moments in a magnetic field	Targeting tumor cells	Induction of maturation on dendritic cells, via NF-κB signaling pathway
Iron oxide nanoparticles	Ferromagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and maghemite (y-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles	Sonochemical decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl, target integrin rich tumor cells	In situ forming hybrid iron oxide-hyaluronic acid hydrogel for magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery
Metallic
Silver nanoparticles	Ag^+-NOM-Iron(II, III) systems	Antibacterial activity controlled release of drugs, proteins, and DNA	Silver nanoparticles crossing through and distribution in the blood brain barrier in vitro, glioma treatment
Gold nanoparticles	Gold solid nanoparticles	Good biocompatibility and easy surface modification utilize the GNPs as multifunctional probes tumor—specific targeting moieties, controlled release of drugs, proteins, and DNA, and used in photoacoustic tomography	Encapsulation, biosensing and imaging, when decorated with oligo(ethylene glycol) thiols show increase in surface charges and interactions with proteins in solution
Nanoshells
Silica nanoparticles	Coexistence of hydrophilic surface silanol (–Si–OH) and deprotonated silanol (–Si–O–) groups photostable	Nontoxicity and good biocompatibility prepared by sol-gel method, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane	Easily cross the blood brain barrier, show higher drug delivery, and show transferring conjugation
Ceramic nanoparticles
Layered double hydroxide nanoparticles	Coprecipitation of mixed salts, 40–300 nm.	Low cytotoxicity, biocompatibility	Delivery of anticancer drug incorporated in double layer, enhanced anticancer therapeutic efficacy
Calcium phosphate; nanoparticles	Hydroxyapatite	Excellent biocompatibility, limited aggregation	Biocompatible, less toxic
Polysorbate-coated; nanoparticles	Polysorbate	Transported across the capillary wall, improve the action of drug or any other pharmaceutical across the barrier	Mimic low-density lipoprotein (LDL), enhance drug delivery
ATP binding cassettes	Proteins	Protect against neurotoxicants and limit drug delivery, reduce xenobiotic efflux, rapid transportation of drug across the cell membrane, neuroprotective agent	Cerebral clearance of endogenous neurotoxic compounds