Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone: An Emerging Anti-Inflammatory Antimicrobial Peptide

Table 1

Major host defense peptides from humans and their sequences.

AMPs/structure	Site of expression	Sequence	References
α-Defensin, HNP1/β-sheet (3 s-s bonds)	Leukocytes, neutrophils	ACYCRIPACIAGERR; YGTCIYQGRLWAFC; C	[21, 22]
α-Defensin, HNP2/β-sheet (3 s-s bonds)	Leukocytes; Neutrophils	CYCRIPACIAGERRY; GTCIYQGRLWAFCC	[22, 27]
Human α-defensin, HNP3/β-sheet (3 s-s bonds)	Leukocytes; Neutrophils	DCYCRIPACIAGERR; YGTCIYQGRLWAFC; C	[8, 22, 27]
Human α-defensin; HNP4/β-sheet (3 s-s bonds)	Leukocytes; Neutrophils	VCSCRLVFCRRTELR; VGNCLIGGVSFTYCC; TRV	[22, 28]
Human α-defensin, HD5/β-sheet (3 s-s bonds)	Intestinal tract, vaginal tract (paneth cells)	ATCYCRHGRCATRE; SLSGVCEISGRLYRL; CCR	[22, 24]
Human α-defensin, HD6/β-sheet (3 s-s bonds)	Intestinal tract (paneth cells)	AFTCHCRRSCYSTEY; SYGTCTVMGINHRFC; CL	[22, 24]
Human β-defensin,; HBD1/β-sheet (3 s-s bonds)	Keratinocytes epithelium and mucous lining, salivary and mammary gland	DHYNCVSSGGQCLY; SACPIFTKIQGTCYRG; KACCK	[24, 28]
Human β-defensin,; HBD2/β-sheet (3 s-s bonds)	Epithelium, GIT, keratinocytes	TCLKSGAICHPVFCP; RRYKQIGTCGLPGTK; CCKKP	[27, 28]
Human β-defensin; HBD3/β-sheet (3 s-s bonds)	GIT, keratinocytes; respiratory tract	GIINTLQKYYCRVRG; GRCAVLSCLPKEEQI; GKCSTRGRKCCRRK; K	[27, 28]
Human β-defensin; HBD4/β-sheet (3 s-s bonds)	Epithelium, GIT, keratinocytes	MQRLVLLLAVSLLL; YQDLPVRSEFELDRI; CGYGTARCRKKCRS; QEYRIGRCPNTYACC; LRKWDESLLNRTKP	[27, 28]
Cathelicidin LL-37/hCAP-18; Linear, α-helical	Epithelium, neutrophils, keratinocytes, monocytes	LLGDFFRKSKEKIGK; EFKRIVQRIKDFLRNL; VPRTES	[8, 21, 25]
Histatin-5/histidine rich linear, non-α-helical	Salivary gland	DSHAKRHHGYKRKF; HEKHHSHRGY	[8]
Lactoferrin; linear	Lactoferrin protein	GRRRRSVQWCAVSQ; PEATKCFQWQRNMR; RVRGPPVSCIKRDSPI; QCIQA	[28]
Hepcidin; Β-sheet, 4 s-s bonds	Liver	DTHFPICIFCCGCCHR; SKCGMCCKT	[8]