Middle-Ear Microsurgery Simulation to Improve New Robotic Procedures

Figure 3

Finite element model of the middle ear structures. The tympanic membrane is composed of the pars flaccida, the pars tensa (green), and the tympanic annulus (blue). It is represented by triangles. Bones (red), ligaments, and tendons (blue) of the ossicular chain are modeled as tetrahedrons elements. Annular ligament is represented as springs and is attached to the footplate.