Widespread 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency in Affluent and Nonaffluent Pregnant Indian Women
Table 1
Characteristics of the affluent and nonaffluent mothers (N = 150).
Maternal characteristics
Affluent: private nursing home (n = 68)
Nonaffluent: government hospital (n = 82)
Mean ± SD or (95% CI)4
P value
Age (years)
27.8 ± 3.9
26.0 ± 3.9
0.008
Weight (kg)
61.9 ± 7.9
62.7 ± 7.6
0.58
Phytate : calcium1,2
1.3 (1.2, 1.4)
1.5 (1.4, 1.6)
<0.001
Calcium (mg/d)1
353.9 (323.4, 387.3)
286.4 (266.0, 308.4)
<0.001
Phosphorus (mg/d)
587.6 ± 99.2
592.8 ± 98.9
0.75
Sun exposure index1,3
53.4 (44.2, 64.6)
43.1 (36.8, 50.5)
0.06
Time of day (24 hours)
13:00 ± 2:00
14:00 ± 2:00
0.42
25(OH)D (ng/mL)1
11.8 (10.8, 12.9)
9.8 (9.1, 10.6)
0.002
% (n)5
P value
Parity
First pregnancy
46.6 (55)
53.4 (63)
0.55
>1 pregnancy
40.6 (13)
59.4 (19)
Log transformed. Geometric means and 95% confidence intervals reported.
2Phytate : calcium ratio = mmol/day phytate intake/mmol/day calcium intake.
3% body surface area exposed to sunlight × hours of sun exposure/week. Higher values indicate greater exposure to sunlight.
4ANOVA.
5Pearson’s chi-squared tests. Time of day (24 hours) refers to the time of the day to sun exposure in 24-hour format.
