Punctuated Evolution of Influenza Virus Neuraminidase (A/H1N1) under Opposing Migration and Vaccination Pressures
Figure 2
The NA hydrochains with (MZ scale, [12]) are shown before and after the 1950 vaccination punctuation (A-B in Table 1). The largest NA changes due to three single mutations are indicated. These changes look very small here, but their effects on roughness are much larger than the scatter in the roughness averages over many strains in each superstrain plateau. This shows how informative the () and () are (especially (), because of their smaller ’s, and why they are so successful in measuring vaccination and migration pressures. Note how I19T is centrally placed in the overall strongly hydrophobic transmembrane region 7–35. Overall the changes are concentrated near extrema and smooth the chain profile globally by lowering peaks (like 19) and raising valleys (like 215).
