Suppresses cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in female Balb/c mice prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) Reduces the expression of cell proliferation marker PCNA in dose dependent manner Causes overexpression of proapoptotic protein Bax Suppresses Bcl-2 specific mRNA expression Inhibits progression of cervical dysplasia from becoming more severe dysplasia (CIN 3) and suppresses level of serum IL-6
Inhibits multiplicity of colonic adenocarcinomas induced by azoxymethane (AOM) Suppresses colonic inflammation in dose-dependent manner Inhibits cancer proliferation, potentiates apoptosis, and suppresses NF-κB and HO-1 expressions
Suppresses acute ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) Significantly lowers levels of inflammatory biomarkers IL-1, TNF-α, and PGE2 in colonic mucosa Suppresses expression of inflammatory cytokines, TNF, and IL-1 in LPS/IFN-γ
Reduces development AOM-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci Reduces expression of COX-2 and prostaglandins in colonic mucosa Reduces number of AgNORs in colonic crypt cell nuclei
Protects rat liver from carcinogenic effects of DEN and AAF Lowers serum ALT, AST, AP, and AFP concentrations Lowers concentration of GSH in hepatic tissue Lowers expression of PCNA in the rat liver Increases Bax and decreases Bcl-2 protein expression in the liver
Suppresses fatty liver formation induced by overdosage of ethanol Prevents necrosis of liver tissues after administration of overdosage of paracetamol Reduces levels of liver ALT, AST, and ALP at 24 h after administration of overdosage of paracetamol
Significantly inhibits multiplicity of lung adenomas induced by 4-(Nmethyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) Inhibits cancer proliferation, potentiates apoptosis, and suppresses NF-κB and HO-1 expressions
Suppresses 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene (DMBA) and TPA-induces initiation and promotion of skin tumor formation Enhances expression of antioxidative and phase II xenobiotics metabolizing enzymes manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione peroxidise-1 (GPx-1), glutathione S-transferase-P1 (GST-P1), and NAD (P) H quinine oxidoreductase (NQO1) mRNA in the epidermis Suppresses TPA-induced COX-2 expression and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 Suppresses TPA-induced leukocyte maturation and dermal infiltration as well as activation stages of skin tumors
Suppresses cholecystokinin octapeptide- (CCK-8-) induced acute pancreatitis Significantly reduces serum amylase and lipase activities Reduces cytosolic IL-6 and TNF-a and increases cytosolic IᴋBα concentration Reduces iNOS and Mn- and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase activities Significantly reduces pancreatic weight to body weight ratio
Attenuates severity of acute necrotizing pancreatitis induced by sodium taurocholate and pancreatitis-induced hepatic injury, via inhibition of NF-κB activity and downregulation of ICAM-1 and IL-1 expressions
Reduces inflammatory process in collagen-induced osteoarthritis (OA) Significantly reduces number of major histocompatibility complex type II cells (MHC) expression in the affected synovial membrane Reduces the number of antigen presenting type A cells presented during arthritis
Produces chondroprotective effects in MIA-induced knee osteoarthritis Improved immunoreactivity of neuropeptides Improves density of protein gene products (PGP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and neuropeptides-Y (NPY) immunoreactive nerve fibers Reduces the level of PGE2Produces induction of cytochrome P450 and cytosolic GST
Produces pronounced antinociception against chemical models of nociception through L-arginine-nitric oxide-cGMP-PKC-K+ ATP channel pathways, the TRPV1, and kinin B2 receptors
Does not cause mortality or change in the general condition, growth, organ weights, hematology, serum biochemistry, or histopathology after a single dosage of 500 mg/kg or multiple dosage of f 5, 25, and 50 mg/kg for a period of 28 days
Not toxic to liver and renal tissues at dose of 100–200 mg/kg Produces severe renal and hepatic damage at a dose of 500 mg/kg with increased serum creatinine, BUN, liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, and GGT), and MDA concentrations Does not cause mortality at 100, 200, 500, and 1000 mg/kg Causes 20 and 40% death for animals receiving 1500 and 2000 mg/kg, respectively Causes 100% death in animals receiving 2500 and 3000 mg/kg
Induces significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) at dose 1000 mg/kg after 24-hour injection Inhibits cell proliferation and causes cytotoxicity in the rat bone marrow
Beneficial in cisplatin-induced renal dysfunction, toxicity, and organ damage via preservation of antioxidant glutathione and prevention of lipid peroxidation Attenuates cisplatin, decreases renal GSH, and increased MDA levels
Significantly averts and decreases early atheroma plague formation and development via reduction in monocytes and/or macrophages migration, aggregation, and smooth muscle cells proliferation in rabbits fed on cholesterol-rich diet Repairs endothelial dysfunction resulting from hyperlipidemia in rabbit atherosclerosis model
Improves dyslipidemia by modulating the genes expression involved in the lipolytic and lipogenic pathways of lipids metabolism Decreases hepatic mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme, sterol-regulatory element binding protein, and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase
Ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) by reducing the hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory response Decreases infiltration of macrophages, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α produced by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation
