FOXO Transcription Factors: Their Clinical Significance and Regulation

Table 1

Cellular functions regulated by FOXO transcription factors.

FOXO	Cellular function	Pathway or target	Reference
FOXO1, FOXO3, and FOXO4	Proliferation (−/+)	G1-S phase entry, G2-M cell cycle	[2, 11]
FOXO1, FOXO3, and FOXO4	Apoptosis (+/−)	Extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways	[12–15]
FOXO1, FOXO3	Metabolism (+)	Glucose-6-phosphatase; Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; PGC1; Apolipoprotein C-III	[2]
FOXO3	Differentiation (+/−)	B cell translocation gene 1; DNA binding 1; Myostatin, neurogenin 3, and; NK homeobox factor 6.1	[16–18]
FOXO1, FOXO3	Oxidative stress (−)	Glutathione, selenoprotein P, manganese superoxide dismutase, and peroxiredoxin III	[19–23]
FOXO1, FOXO3	Atrophy (+)	Gabarapl1, Atg12, calcineurin/nuclear factor, and atrogin-1	[24, 25]
FOXO1	Inflammation (+)	IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and Tlr4	[26–30, 30]
DAF-16, FOXOs	Aging (−)	P53, SIRT1, NF-κB, MnSOD, heat-shock proteins, and antimicrobial agents	[31–33]
DAF-16, FOXO3	Reproduction (−)	Cell cycle inhibitor p27 enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (Galt); Prostaglandins	[34, 35]

Listed are cellular functions and related transcriptional targets or pathways that have been reported to be directly regulated by FOXO transcription factors. The effect of FOXO is depicted by increasing (+) or decreasing (−) the indicated cellular activity.