Applications and Implications of Heparin and Protamine in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

Table 1

List of repositioned drugs with their corresponding year of approval, alternative therapeutic uses, and year of repurposing.

Drug name	Year of approval	Original; target disease	Year of repositioning	Alternative indication	References
Zidovudine; (azidothymidine, AZT)	1964	Cancer	1987	HIV/AIDS	[3]
Amphocin; (Amphotericin B)	1955	Fungal infections	1997	Leishmaniasis	[17]
Rogaine; (Minoxidil)	1988	Hypertension	1998	Baldness, loss of hair	[14]
Thalidomide; (Thalidomide)	1957	Morning sickness	1998; 2006	Hansen's disease/multiple myeloma	[18]
Avodart; (Dutasteride)	1996	Prostatic hyperplasia	2002	Baldness, loss of hair	[19]
Neurontin; (Gabapentin)	2000	Epilepsy	2002	Neuropathic pain	[20]
Symmetrel; (Amantadine)	1966	Influenza	2003	Parkinson's disease	[21]
Zyban; (Bupropion)	1997	Depression	2005	Smoking cessation	[22]
ReQUIP; (Ropinirole)	1998	Parkinson's disease	2005	Restless leg syndrome	[23]
Aspirin; (Acetylsalicylic acid)	1899	Inflammation, pain	2006	Antiplatelet aggregation	[13]
Gemzar; (Gemcitabine)	1996	Viral disease	2007	Cancer	[24]
Evista; (Raloxifene)	1997	Breast cancer	2007	Osteoporosis	[25]
Viagra; (Sildenafil)	1998	Angina, hypertension	2007	Erectile dysfunction	[12]
Yentreve; (Duloxetine)	2004	Depression	2007	Stress urinary incontinence	[26]
Trexall; (Methotrexate)	1946	Cancer	2009	Psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis	[27]
Parlodel (Bromocriptine)	1988	Parkinson's disease	2009	Diabetes mellitus	[28]