Gait Patterns in Hemiplegic Patients with Equinus Foot Deformity

Table 3

Summary of gait analysis parameters characteristics of clusters.

	Cluster 1	Cluster 2	Cluster 3	Cluster 4	Cluster 5	Normative^#
Time-distance parameters
Speed of progression (cm/s)	22.7±9.9^∗	52.9±23.1	19.2±7.7^∗	70.8±26.1^∗	31.8±15.2	127.8±11.2
Cycle time (s)	2.7±0.9	1.7±0.4	2.1±0.7	1.4±0.3^∗	2.1±0.8	1.1±0.1
Stride length (cm)	55.9±14.1	83.1±17.6^∗	38.6±14.6^∗	95.1±18.4^∗	57.5±15.6	141.2±8.7
Swing time (% stride)	30.2±8.1	38.2±4.5	31.3±7.4	41.7±3.7^∗	39.8±9.3	39.7±1.7
Kinematic variables (°)
PELVIS max rotation—Sagittal plane	21.1±8.8	18.2±4.1	23.1±3.1^∗	15.5±4.7	19.9±4.5	10.3±4.4
PELVIS min rotation—Coronal plane	5.5±2.7	1.7±5.0	6.3±2.6	2.8±3.3	3.9±2.7	−3.9±1.9
PELVIS min rotation—horizontal plane	−19.8±7.9	−13.9±7.4	−24.4±15.0	−10.7±9.3	−21.6±10.9	−5.8±2.5
HIP flexion at initial contact	23.5±9.6	27.3±4.5	35.8±6.4^∗	23.1±7.1	21.8±4.7	30.9±5.9
HIP flexion at toe-off	15.2±12.5	12.5±6.0	31.2±7.6^∗	3.6±8.1^∗	16.9±15.5	−3.1±6.1
HIP max extension in stance	4.35±9.91	4.3±6.3	23.5±6.0^∗	−6.8±5.6^∗	7.7±4.1	−9.4±5.7
HIP max flexion in swing	30.90±9.78	30.4±5.1	40.8±9.8	31.4±10.7	29.4±6.1	32.6±5.4
HIP max abduction in swing	−2.8±4.5	−4.9±3.9	1.1±2.4^∗	−3.4±3.1	−5.3±3.7	−6.6±2.7
HIP max internal rotation in stance	13.0±6.1^∗	3.6±12.1	−9.2±6.3^∗	1.2±9.3	−14.2±13.8^∗	5.5±9.2
HIP max external rotation in swing	8.3±6.6^∗	−1.4±11.8	−13.4±9.0	−4.5±8.9	−17.8±12.9^∗	−1.3±9.5
HIP ROM—Coronal plane	9.4±2.9	9.0±4.1	6.4±2.7	12.5±4.1	8.3±3.9	13.7±3.2
HIP ROM—Sagittal plane	27.5±8.3	26.8±7.2	17.8±8.7	38.3±8.9^∗	38.3±8.9	42.5±4.1
KNEE flexion at initial contact	6.3±7.3	15.9±4.9^∗	15.9±7.9	7.0±6.6	7.0±6.7^∗	4.5±3.5
KNEE max flexion at loading response	11.1±10.5	19.4±5.4^∗	16.6±8.1	7.4±6.7	1.8±5.2^∗	16.0±5.9
KNEE max extension in stance	−1.2±11.6	5.7±9.9	1.5±6.5	−8.6±3.2^∗	−9.0±5.9^∗	4.3±3.8
KNEE flexion at toe-off	18.8±10.2	28.1±11.0	20.3±7.0	22.5±8.3	11.7±7.4^∗	38.9±6.2
KNEE max flexion in swing	23.1±13.5	33.4±12.0	27.8±8.5	42.8±14.9	19.4±9.9	64.9±5.6
KNEE ROM-Sagittal plane	27.0±11.3	29.7±9.9	26.3±10.5	51.5±14.0^∗	28.6±10.0	64.8±4.7
ANKLE flexion at initial contact	−26.7±4.4^∗	−9.0±7.3^∗	−17.5±13.0	−17.1±5.1	−22.4±4.8	2.6±4.2
ANKLE max plantarflexion at loading response	−26.9±4.5^∗	−9.8±6.2^∗	−18.4±13.6	−17.3±4.9	−24.5±6.2	−2.6±3.9
ANKLE max dorsiflexion in stance	4.7±6.7	7.1±8.3	−7.4±11.7	3.1±6.7	−9.8±7.4^∗	15.9±4.1
ANKLE plantarflexion at toe-off	−18.8±9.3	−6.6±8.1	−14.2±11.0	−14.3±10.7	−16.3±6.9	−10.4±5.4
ANKLE max dorsiflexion in swing	−34.3±4.6^∗	−11.7±8.0^∗	−19.5±12.6	−23.4±9.6	−26.2±10.7	−13.4±6.0
ANKLE max abduction in stance	1.3±5.1^∗	2.5±6.6	11.2±8.6	0.8±5.4	16.0±9.1^∗	−0.1±4.5
ANKLE max adduction in swing	36.4±5.1^∗	16.2±8.8^∗	21.1±10.8	26.5±6.8	26.2±10.7	20.7±6.2
ANKLE max eversion in stance	7.3±6.4	5.3±5.7	12.2±10.5	3.0±3.8^∗	18.5±10.0	3.1±5.2
ANKLE max inversion in swing	40.1±5.3^∗	26.7±9.5	23.7±12.2	25.7±7.6	25.7±7.6	13.9±6.4
ANKLE ROM—Coronal plane	32.7±8.8^∗	21.9±6.9	13.4±6.4^∗	22.7±6.4	13.6±6.4^∗	13.8±2.9
ANKLE ROM—Sagittal plane	39.1±7.1^∗	19.8±5.3	14.2±7.5^∗	27.2±4.7	19.3±11.3	29.4±5.1
ANKLE ROM—Horizontal plane	35.3±7.3^∗	14.8±5.8^∗	12.8±6.4^∗	25.9±7.5	16.5±7.9	21.8±4.2

^∗𝑃<0.001.
#Normative values are relative to 20 healthy subjects (11 men and 9 women. mean age of 27.9 years. unpublished).