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| | Receptor | Chromosomal localization | Molecular weight | Properties | High levels of expression | Role | Binding Protein | References |
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VEGF receptors tyrosine kinases | VEGFR-1
(fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 or Flt1) | 13q12-q13
(30 exons) | Glycoprotein
180 kDa 1338 aa | Extracellular domain-7 immunoglobulin-like domains
(alternative mRNA splicing encodes a soluble truncated form-sVEGFR-1) | Endothelial cells, pericytes,
placental trophoblasts
osteoblasts,
renal mesangial cells, monocytes/macrophages, some hematopoietic stem cells | Regulating angiogenesis (plays a negative role in angiogenesis-suppressing proangiogenic signals in the embryo).
Expression is upregulated during angiogenesis and hypoxia.
Activation of macrophages | VEGF-A
VEGF-B
PLGF-1,2 | [52, 56, 57, 63, 70, 92–98] |
| VEGFR-2 (KDR in humans, Flk1 in mice | 4q11-q12 | Glycoprotein
200–300 kDa
1356 aa | Extracellular domain-7 immunoglobulin-like domains
(alternative mRNA splicing encodes a soluble truncated form-sVEGFR-2) | Osteoblasts,
cells of the pancreatic duct, neuronal cells, retinal progenitor cells,
hematopoietic stem cells, megakaryocytes, nervous system | Regulating angiogenesis, mitogenesis, migration, and permeability of the ECs.
PAF production by ECs (stimulating mitosis, survival, migration, and increasing vascular permeability) | VEGF-A
(lower affinity)
VEGF-C
VEGF-D
VEGF-E | [50, 52, 56, 57, 63, 70, 85, 89–92, 99–106] |
| VEGFR-3 (fms-like-tyrosine kinase (Flt)-4) | 5q33-qter | 195 kDa | Extracellular domain-6 immunoglobulin-like domains
Two human isoforms (alternative mRNA splicing and differing in their C-terminal) | Osteoblasts,
neuronal progenitors cells,
macrophages | Lymphangiogenesis, mitogenesis, differentiation, and survival of lymphatic endothelial cells.
Hematopoiesis and vasculoangiogenesis.
Role in development of the cardiovascular system.
Angiogenesis (early embryo). | VEGF-C
VEGF-D | [50, 52, 55, 57, 63, 70, 81, 85, 90, 91, 107, 109–115]
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VEGF receptors nontyrosine kinases | Neuropilin
NRP-1 | 10p12
(contains 17 exons) | Glycoprotein
130–140 kDa | Semaphorin family
VEGF family | Axons (expressed in the tips of growing axons), certain classes of neurons, ECs of blood vessels, heart, placenta, lungs, liver, kidney, skeletal and pancreas, bone marrow fibroblasts, adipocytes, dendritic immune cells, osteoblasts, renal mesangial, renal glomerular epithelial cells expressed in arteries | Development of neuronal guidance. Angiogenesis and immunology
involved in cardiovascular system.
Neuropilin potentiate VEGF signaling (acting as co-receptors for VEGF receptors).
Axon growth and guidance in the developing embryo
(chemorepulsive axon guidance molecules capable of collapsing axonal growth cones and repelling axons of ganglia during neurogenesis) | VEGF165
VEGF-B
VEGF-E PLGF-2
Semaphorin-3A
Semaphorin-3C Semaphorin-3F
Pro-VEGF-C
Pro-VEGF-D | [46, 53, 56, 57, 63, 70, 90, 116–126, 128] |
Neuropilin
NRP-2 | 2q34
(contains17 exons) | Glycoprotein
130–140 kDa | Semaphorin family
VEGF family | Expressed in venous and lymphatic vessels
Neuronal cells | Development of neuronal guidance, angiogenesis, and immunology, involved in cardiovascular system
Neuropilin potentiate VEGF signaling (acting as co-receptors for VEGF receptors)
chemorepulsive axon guidance molecules (capable of collapsing axonal growth cones and repelling axons of ganglia
during neurogenesis) | VEGF165
VEGF145
Pro- and mature VEGF-C
Pro-VEGF-D
Semaphorin-3C
Semaphorin-3F | [46, 56, 57, 63, 70, 90, 116–124, 128] |
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