Saliva-Based Biosensors: Noninvasive Monitoring Tool for Clinical Diagnostics

Table 1

Summary of the analytical parameters for catalytic salivary sensors reported in the literature.

Biomarker	Biorecognition	Transducer	Sample volume (L)	Working range	Sensitivity	Detection limit (DL)	Reference
Glucose	GOx	Electrochemical	200	0.1–10 mg dL^−1	—	—	[31]
	GOx	Electrochemical	50	0.1–10 mg dL^−1	—	—	[32]
	GOx/Fc*	Electrochemical	—	0–2.2 mM	21.45 nA mol^−1 cm^−2	1 M	[33]
	GOx/POx/TMBZ*	Optical	0.2	0–10 mg dL^−1	—	—	[34, 35]
	GOx/POx/TMBZ*	Optical	0.2	—	—	—	[19]
Lactate	LOx	Electrochemical	1000	—	42 nA mM^−1	—	[4, 42]
	LOx	Electrochemical	—	0.01–5 mM	78 nA mM^−1	—	[38]
	LOx/luminol*	Electrochemiluminescent	50	0.1–0.5 mM	—	5 M	[36]
	LOx/PB*	Electrochemical	—	0.1–1.0 mM	0.553 A mM^−1	50 M	[44]
	LOx/PB*	Electrochemical	4	0.1–5 mM	0.3169 A mM^−1	300 M	[45]
Phosphate	PyOx	Electrochemical	50	7.5–625 M	523.89 nA mM^−1	3.6 M	[53]
Alpha-amylase	GD/GOx	Electrochemical	100	0–30 U mL^−1	—	—	[62]
	GD/MR/GOx	Electrochemical	35	0.1–3 mM	—	50/12 nM; (5/30 min)	[63]
	Gal-G2-CNP	Optical	5	0–200 U mL^−1	—	—	[66]
	Gal-G2-CNP	Optical	30	10–140 U mL^−1	—	—	[65]
	Gal-G2-CNP	Optical	25	10–230 U mL^−1	—	—	[64]
	MP/GOx/POx	Electrochemical	50	0–190 U mL^−1	—	—	[67]
	Amylase Ag-Ab*	Immunoelectrochemical	—	3 × 10^−3–1.6 × 10^−2 ng mL^−1	—	1.57 pg mL^−1	[68]
	GD/GOx/Fc*	Electrochemical	—	60–840 U mL^−1	—	17 U mL^−1	[70]
	GD/MR/GOx/PB*	Electrochemical	—	5–250 U mL^−1	14 nA U^−1	5 U mL^−1	[71]

The biorecognition molecule is listed together with the chromogen that provides the change of colour for optical determinations with the redox mediators that facilitate electrons transfer for electrochemical determinations.