Detection of Gunshot Residues Using Mass Spectrometry

Table 1

Analytical techniques applied to GSR and their abbreviations in alphabetical order.

Abbreviation	Instrumentation/technique
APCI	Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
APPI	Atmospheric pressure photoionization
CE	Capillary electrophoresis
CI	Chemical ionization
DESI	Desorption electrospray ionization
EDX	Energy-dispersive X-ray detection
EI	Electron impact
ESI	Electrospray ionization
GC	Gas chromatography
HPLC	High performance liquid chromatography
ICP-MS	Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
IMS	Ion mobility spectrometry
LC	Liquid chromatography
LA	Laser ablation
LEI	Laser electrospray ionization
MS	Mass spectrometry or mass spectrometer
MS/MS	Tandem mass spectrometry
MSF	Magnetic sector field
Q	Quadrupole
QIT	Quadrupole ion-trap
QqQ	Triple quadrupole
QToF	Quadrupole-time of flight
SEM	Scanning electron microscopy
SIMS	Secondary ion mass spectrometry
SPE	Solid-phase extraction
SPME	Solid-phase microextraction
ToF	Time of flight
UHPLC	Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography