Review Article

Detection of Gunshot Residues Using Mass Spectrometry

Table 3

Summary of MS techniques applied to the analysis of different organic compounds found in GSR.

OGSR compoundsMS modeMass analyzerIonization techniqueModeScanning modeLODReference

DPA, NG, 2,4-DNT, EC, DBPMSMSFCIPositiveFull scan20 pg (DPA)[23, 38]

RDX, tetryl, TNT, PETNMSMSFCINegativeFull scan100 ng injected (TNT)[39]

NG, DEGN, TNT, tetryl, 2,4-DNT, RDX, PETN, ANMSMSFCIPositiveFull scan1–10 μg injected[40]

MC, EC, DPA,MSQToFDESIPositiveSIM[58]

MCMS/MSQqQESIPositiveMRM60 pg injected[29]

MC, NGMS/MSQqQESIPositive, negativeMRM[31]

DPA, 4-NO-DPA, 4-NO2-DPA, N-NO-DPA, 2,4-DNO2-DPAMS/MSQqQESIPositiveMRM1.0 ng/mL (DPA), 0.5 ng/mL (N-NO-DPA), 2.5 ng/mL (4-NO2-DPA) (20 μL injectetd)[45]

DPA, 4-NO2-DPA, N-NO-DPA, 2,NO2-DPA, AK II, MC, ECMS/MSQqQESIPositiveMRM5 μg (EC), 6 μg (MC), 20 μg (2-NO2-DPA), 27 μg (N-NO-DPA), 32 μg (4-NO2-DPA), 34 μg (DPA), 115 μg (AK II)[28]

TNT, RDX, PETN, NG, DPA, ECMS/MSQqQESIPositive, negativeMRM300 pg (NG), 200 pg (TNT), 10 pg (RDX), 3 pg (PETN), 8 ng (DPA), 1 pg (EC)[44]

4,4′-DNO2-DPA, N-NO-DPA, MC, 4-NO2-DPA, DPA, 2-NO2-DPA, EC, DBP, MC, DMPMSQITESIPositiveFull scan[41]

EGDN, NG, TNT, PETN, RDX, HMXMSQITESINegativeFull scan[42]

MC, ECMS/MSQITDESIPositiveMRM5–60 pg/cm3 (MC), 6–70 mg/cm3 (EC)[30]

DPA, EC, 2,4-DNT, DEP, DBP, 2-NO2-DPA, 4-NO2-DPA, 2,3-DNT, 2,5-DNT, 2,6-DNT, TNT, MC, NTMSQITEIPositive, negative Full scan[36]

HMX, RDX, tetryl, TNT, 2,4-DNT, NG, EGDN, PETNMSQ, QITESI (Q), CI (QIT)NegativeFull scan[43]

NG, PETN, RDX, HMX, tetryl, TNT, 2,4-DNT, TNB, 1,3-DNBMSQITAPCINegativeFull scan1.06 ng/μL (NG), 0.36 ng/μL (PETN), 0.22 ng/μL (RDX), 0.36 ng/μL (HMX), 0.18 ng/μL (tetryl), 0.04 ng/μL (TNT), 0.07 ng/μL (2,4-DNT), 0.19 ng/μL (TNB), 0.29 ng/μL (1,3-DNB) (10 μL injected)[47]

RDX, PETN, HMX, 1,2-DNB, tetryl, 3,4-DNT, 2,3-DNT, 2,6-DNT, 2,6-diamino-DNT, 4-amino-2,6-DNT, 1,3-DNB, 1,4-DNB, 2,5-DNT, 2,4-DNT, TNT, 3,5-DNT, 2-amino-4,6-DNTMSQITAPCIPositive, negativeFull scan3.2 ng (RDX), 41.2 ng (PETN), 0.7 ng (HMX), 11.1 ng (1,2-DNB), 12.4 ng (2,4-diamino-6-NT), 5.6 ng (tetryl), 10.3 ng (3,4-DNT), 15.2 ng (2,3-DNT), 7.3 ng (2,6-DNT), 37.3 ng (2,6-diamino-4-NT), 39.0 ng (4-amino-2,6-DNT), 32.8 ng (1,3-DNB), 17.7 ng (1,4-DNB), 3.7 ng (2,5-DNT), 34.7 ng (2,4-DNT), 4.0 ng (TNT), 7.2 ng (3,5-DNT), 7.3 ng (2-amino-4,6-DNT), 11.4 ng (TNB)[49]

TNT, 2,3-DNT, 2,4-DNT, 2,5-DNT, 2,6-DNT, 3,5-DNT, 1,2-DNB, 1,3-DNB, 1,4-DNB, TNB, 2-A-4,6-DNT, 4-A-2,6-DNT, 2,4-DA-6-NT, 2,6-DA-4-NT, RDX, HMX, tetryl, PETNMSQITAPCINegativeFull scan17 pg/mL (TNT), 8.9 pg/mL (2,3-DNT), 2.5 pg/mL (2,4-DNT), 8.8 pg/mL (2,5-DNT), 8.8 pg/mL (2,6-DNT), 24 pg/mL (3,5-DNT), 6.3 pg/mL (1,2-DNB), 28 pg/mL (TNB), 53 pg/mL (2-A-2,4-DNT), 34 pg/mL (4-A-2,6-DNT), 33 pg/mL (2,4-DA-6-NT), 2.5 pg/mL (2,6-DA-4-NT), 4.0 pg/mL (RDX), 8.8 pg/mL (HMX), 70 pg/mL (tetryl), 563 pg/mL (PETN) (80 mL injected)[53]

DPA, 4-NO-DPA, N-NO-DPA, 2-NO2-DPA, 4-NO2DPA, 2,4′-DNO2-DPA, 4,4′-DNO2-DPA, DBP, DEP, DMP, EC, MC, NG, 2-NT, 3-NT, 4-NT, 2,3-DNT, 2,4′-DNT, 2,6-DNT, 3,4-DNT, MS/MSQqQESI, APCIPositive, negativeMRM2.9 ng (DMP), 5.3 ng (2,4-DNT), 6.9 ng (2,6-DNT), 2.4 ng (2,3-DNT), 0.4 ng (3,4-DNT), 8.1 ng (2-NT), 6.9 ng (4-NT), 64 ng (NG), 9.1 ng (3-NT), 3.9 ng (4-NO-DPA), 9.6 ng (DEP), 1.5 ng (MC), 17 ng (4,4′-DNO2-DPA), 4.8 ng (4-NO2-DPA), 4.9 ng (N-NO-DPA), 12 ng (2,4′-DNO2-DPA), 13 ng (DPA), 7.4 ng (EC), 6.7 ng (2-NO2-DPA), 5.2 ng (DBP)[25]

DPA, DMP, DBP, EC, MC, 4-NO2-DPA, N-NO-DPAMSTOF LEIPositiveFull scan[54]

DBP, dioctyl sulfosuccinate (sodium salt), PDMS, EC, NC, NGMSTOFSIMSPositiveFull scan[55]