Naja naja karachiensis Envenomation: Biochemical Parameters for Cardiac, Liver, and Renal Damage along with Their Neutralization by Medicinal Plants

Table 1

Detailed description for evaluated medicinal plants having folklore evidences as antivenom.

Sr. number	Botanical name of medicinal plants	Family	Part used	Phytochemicals reported	Reference
1	Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.	Fabaceae	Seed	Carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins, echinocystic acid, and different amino acids.	[6]
2	Allium cepa L.	Amaryllidaceae	Bulb	11 g carbohydrates, 1.2 g proteins, 0.6 g fibers, and H2O content (86.8 g)/100 g of material.	[6]
3	Allium sativum L.	Amaryllidaceae	Bulb	Quercetin, scordinines A and B allicin, thiosulfinates, 2 mercapto-L-cysteines, anthocyanins, alliinase, polysaccharides, sativin I and sativin II, and glycosides of kaempferol.	[6]
4	Althaea  officinalis L.	Malvaceae	Root	37% starch, 11% mucilage, fatty oil, pectin, flavonoids, phenolic acids, asparagines, phytosterol, sucrose, and butyric acid.	[6]
5	Bauhinia variegata L.	Fabaceae	Root	Tannins, fatty oil, lupeol, kaempferol-3-glucoside, gums, β-sitosterol, 5,7-dehydroxy and 5,7-dimethoxy-flavanone-4-0-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D glucopyranosides.	[6]
6	Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch	Brassicaceae	Seed	Essential oil, sinigrin and glucoside.	[6]
7	Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton	Apocynaceae	Exudates and flower	Resins, tannins, calotropin, sterol, uscharin, calotropagenin, calotoxin, and calactin.	[6]
8	Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don	Pinaceae	Bark	Taxifolin, dewardiol, dewarene, gum, ascorbic acid, himadarol, cantdarol, cholesterin, allohimachalol, cedrinoside, himachalol, dewarol, cedrin, dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, essential oil, isocentdarol, and dihydromyricetin.	[6]
9	Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.	Rutaceae	Fruit	4-β-glucopyranoside, d-x-pinene camphene, d-limonene, linalool ichangin 4-β-glucopyranoside, nomilinic acid, and essential oil.	[6]
10	Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad	Cucurbitaceae	Fruit	Many alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, citrulluin, citrulluic acid, dihydric alcohol, phydroxybenzyl, citrulluene, hentriacontane, elaterin, citrullol, methyl ether, bitter oil, citbittol, and saponins.	[6]
11	Cuminum cyminum L.	Apiaceae	Seed	Essential oil and cumin oil contain sminaldehyde, 1,3-p-menthadien-7-al, and 1,4-p-menthadien-7-al.	[6]
12	Enicostema hyssopifolium (Willd.) I. Verd.	Gentianaceae	Whole plant	Saponarin, isovetexin, sylyswertin, betulin, swertiamarin, apigenin, genkwanin, erythrocentaurine, swertioside, isoswertisin, enicoflavine, and swertisin.	[6]
13	Fagonia cretica L.	Zygophyllaceae	Leaves	Ursolic acid, pinitol, nahagenin, saponin glycosides, saponin-I and saponin-II, docosyl docosanoate from n-hexane extract, and different proteins from aqueous extract.	[6]
14	Leucas capitata Desf.	Lamiaceae	Whole plant	Alkaloid as well as essential oil.	[6]
15	Matthiola incana (L.) W. T. Aiton	Brassicaceae	Seeds	Oil rich in chlorophylls a, b, N, P, K, and Na, γ-linolenic acid, and carotenoids. Sulforaphene is an important component.	[6]
16	Momordica charantia L.	Cucurbitaceae	Fruit	Carotenoids, momorcharasides A and B, glucosides, stigmastadien-3-beta-ol, squalene, mycoses, steroidal glucoside, momordicines I and II, stigmasterol, vicine, cucurbitane triterpenoids, momordicosides, cycloeucalenol, taraxerol, spinasterollophenol, diosgenin, thiocyanogen, 24-methylencycloartenol, and phenyl propanoids.	[6]
17	Nerium indicum Mill	Apocynaceae	Root and leaves	Nerioderin, neriodorin, karabin, and odorin.	[6]
18	Ocimum sanctum L.	Lamiaceae	Whole plant	Essential oils are found rich in 3.2% carvacrol, 71.3% eugenol, 1.7% caryophyllene, 20.4% methyl eugenol, eugenol methyl ether, linalool, and methyl chavicol cineole.	[6]
19	Pinus roxburghii Sarg	Pinaceae	Oleoresin	Careen, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-carene, β-longifolene, longifolene, and longicyclene.	[6]
20	Pistacia integerrima J. L. Stewart	Anacardiaceae	Galls	1.3% essential oil rich in camphene, cineole, A-terpineol, A-pinene, aromadendrene, caprylic acid, and d-limonene abundant in galls.	[6]
21	Psoralea corylifolia L.	Fabaceae	Seeds	Limonene, linalool, psoralene, angelicin, neobavachalcone, bakuchiol, 4-terpineol, corylidin, neobavaisoflavone, bavachinin, isobavachin, α-elemene, geranylacetate, stigmasterol, bakuchioltraincontane, isopsoralidin, isopsoralen, bakuchalcone, isoneobavachalcone, psoralen, psoralidin, raffinose, corylifolinin, corylifolean, and corylifolin.	[6]
22	Rhazya stricta Decne	Apocynaceae	Leaves	Enzymes (NADPH dependent), glycosides (roblnin, 3-7-rhamnoside and isorhamnetin-3-7-rhamnoside), alkaloid (sewarine), and triterpenes (ursolic acid, Mg quinate, and β-sitosterol) along with flavonoids rhazianosides A and B.	[6]
23	Rubia cordifolia L.	Rubiaceae	Stem	Pseudopurpurin, xanthopurpurin, purpurin, munjistin, alizarin, and munjistin are found with their glycosides.	[6]
24	Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn	Sapindaceae	Fruit	β-Sitosterol, sapindoside A, sapindoside B, kaempferol, quercetin, saponin, and emarginatoside.	[6]
25	Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem	Bignoniaceae	Root	β-Carotene, β-sitosterol, α-amarine, zeaxanthin, indole metabolizing enzymes, phenolic acids, oleanolic acid, triterpenoids, ursolic acid, indole-oxygenase, and luteinzeaxanthin.	[6]
26	Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight and Arn	Combretaceae	Bark	β-Sitosterol, arjunolic acid, tomentosic acid, ellagic acid, essential oil, arjunetin, arjunine, calcium salts, aluminium and magnesium salts, coloring agents, reducing sugars, tannin (pyrocatechol), and a lactone.	[6]
27	Trichodesma indicum (L.) Sm	Boraginaceae	Whole plant	Seeds oil is rich in linoleic, oleic, stearic, palmitic, and linolenic acids. Apart of it hexacosane, ethyl hexacosanoate, and 21,24-hexacos-adienoic acid ethyl esters are found.	[6]
28	Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Zingiberaceae	Rhizome	D-Curcumene, cineol, potassium oxalate, camphene, citral borneol, singiberine, shogaol, α-curcumene, α-bergamotene, β-gamma-bisabolene, gingerol, and β-phellandrene.	23