Naja naja karachiensis Envenomation: Biochemical Parameters for Cardiac, Liver, and Renal Damage along with Their Neutralization by Medicinal Plants

Table 2

Biochemical parameters before and after snake venom administration in different experimental groups of rabbits.

Toxicity determined	Markers of snake venom toxicity	Group I baseline; measurements; (mean ± SEM)	Group II and III venom injection		Group IV negative control (mean ± SEM)	Normal reference values reported	References
			0.4 mg/kg; (mean ± SEM)	0.8 mg/kg; (mean ± SEM)
Liver	GPT/ALT	(52 ± 3.46) U/L	(72 ± 4.70) U/L; 0.1>𝑃>0.05	(86 ± 5.0) U/L; 0.05>𝑃>0.02	(52 ± 3.48) U/L	(48–80) U/L	[19]
	GOT/AST	(65 ± 6.57) U/L	(157 ± 24.24) U/L; 0.1>𝑃>0.05	(251 ± 18.2) U/L; 0.01>𝑃>0.001	(67 ± 3.21) U/L	(14–113) U/L	[19]
Kidneys	Urea	( 28 ± 1.73) mg/dL	(42 ± 3.08) mg/dL; 0.05>𝑃>0.02	(57.6 ± 3.84) mg/dL; 0.02>𝑃>0.01	(28 ± 0.33) mg/dL	(10–28) mg/dL	[26]
	Creatinine	(1.0 ± 0.313) mg/dL	(1.74 ± 0.03) mg/dL; 0.01>𝑃>0.001	(2.1 ± 0.10) mg/dL; 0.02>𝑃>0.01	(1 ± 0.06) mg/dL	(0.5–2.5) mg/dL	[26]
Heart	CK-MB	(13.2 ± 2.0) U/L	(21 ± 1.5) U/L; 0.05>𝑃>0.02	(77 ± 11.22) U/L; 0.05>𝑃>0.02	(13 ± 0.56) U/L	(<25) U/L*	[20, 21]
	LDH	(714 ± 3.18) U/L	(2064 ± 15.98) U/L; 𝑃<0.001	(2562 ± 25.14) U/L; 𝑃≪0.001	(720 ± 4.70) U/L	(559–2077) U/L	[46]

∗CK-MB activity is less than 2% in healthy rabbits; however, it is usually 10%–30% of total CK activity.