Clinical Metabolomics and Nutrition: The New Frontier in Neonatology and Pediatrics

Table 1

A summary of metabolomic studies assessing variations in nutritional health and/or disease status in paediatrics.

Disease	Population studied	Samples	Platform	Biological processes associated with the metabolic disorder	Reference
Obesity	Adolescents: (i) Normal weight (); (ii) Obese (); (iii) T2D ()	Plasma	MS/MS	No defects in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism	Mihalik et al. [23]
	Children: (i) Normal weight (); (ii) Obese (); (iii) Overweight ()	Plasma	GC-MS	Changes in lipid metabolism	Zeng et al. [24]
	Children: (i) Normal weight (); (ii) Obese ()	Serum	MS	Oxidative stress, changes in sphingomyelin metabolism, in -oxidation, and in pathways associated with energy expenditure.	Wahl et al. [25]
	Obese children: (i) With substantial; overweight reduction (); (ii) Without substantial overweight reduction ()	Serum	MS	Phosphatidylcholine metabolism	Wahl et al. [26]
	Pigs (4 months of age): (i) Obese type (); (ii) Lean type ()	Serum	NMR	Lipogenesis, lipid oxidation, energy utilization and partition, protein and amino acid metabolism, and fermentation of gastrointestinal microbes	He et al. [27]
Diabetes 1	Children: (i) T1D (); (ii) Control ()	Urine	^1H-NMR	Increased glomerular filtration rateand/or a modification of the transport mechanisms at thetubular level.	Zuppi et al. [29]
	Children: (i) Who progressed to T1D (); (ii) Who remained healthy and autoantibody negative ()	Serum	UPLC-MS	Dysregulation of lipid and amino acid metabolism preceding islet autoimmunity	Orei et al. [30]
	Children: (i) T1D (); (ii) Control ()	Urine	CE-UV	—	Balderas et al. [31]
	Children: (i) T1D (); (ii) Control ()	Plasma; Urine	LC-MS; CE-MS	Dysregulation of lipid metabolism and activity of the gut microflora; Protein and amino acid metabolism, glycation	Balderas et al. [32]
	Children: (i) T1D (); (ii) Control ()	Urine	^1H-NMR	Carbohydrate metabolism and gut microbial metabolism	Culeddu et al. [33]
	(i) Diabetic children and teenagers with T1D (); (ii) Control ()	Urine	^1H-NMR	Endogenous glucose production pathway from proteins	Deja et al. [34]
Inflammatory bowel disease	Mice (4–24 weeks of age)	Hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts from intestinal compartments	NMR; LC-MS	Modifications of the general cell membrane composition, alteration of energy homeostasis, and the generation of inflammatory lipid mediators	Baur et al. [35]
Celiac disease	Infants genetically susceptible for CD ()	Stool	NMR	GI tract microbiota metabolism	Sellitto et al. [36]