Regulation of Mitochondrial Genome Inheritance by Autophagy and Ubiquitin-Proteasome System: Implications for Health, Fitness, and Fertility

Table 1

Nomenclature and aliases of autophagy-related genes.

Full name (human)	Yeast	C. elegans	Human/mammalian	Aliases	Detectable in spermatozoa	Function
Autophagy-related 5	N/A	Atg5	ATG5	ASP; APG5; APG5L; hAPG5; APG5-like	No	Early stage of autophagosome formation
GABA(A) receptor-associated protein	ATG8	Lgg-1	GABARAP	MM46; ATG8A; GABARAP-a	Yes	Nonselective sequestration of cytoplasmic material for vacuolar degradation
Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain alpha	N/A	Lgg-2	MAP1LC3A	LC3; LC3 A; ATG8E; MAP1ALC3B	Yes	Recruits protein cargo to the phagophore/isolation membrane; remains associated with the mature autophagosome
Sequestosome 1	N/A	N/A	SQSTM1	p62; p60; A170	Yes	Binds to ubiquitinated proteins; interacts with both LC3 and GABARAP
Valosin containing protein/protein dislocase	CDC48	CDC-48.1	VCP	p97	Yes	Extracts ubiquitinated proteins from organelle membranes; presents them to 26S proteasome
Histone deacetylase 6	N/A	HAD-6	HDAC6	HD6	Yes	Transports ubiquitinated misfolded protein aggregates/aggresomes to phagophore
Parkin (PARK2)	N/A	pdr-1	PARK2	PDJ; PRKN	Not known	Ubiquitin ligase; induces selective autophagy of damaged mitochondria