Review Article

Reproductive Factors but Not Hormonal Factors Associated with Thyroid Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics of all epidemiological studies.

First authorYearOriginTimeStudy Hormonal or reproductive factorsAdjusted or matching criteria

Högnäs [13]2014Finland1974–2010Cohort studyParitySex

Zamora-Ros [31] 2015Europe1992–2009Cohort studyOral contraceptive, hormone replacement therapy, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, menopausal status, age at menopause, breastfeeding status, and duration of breastfeedingSex, center, and age at recruitment

Braganza [8]2014USA1993–2009Cohort studyOral contraceptive, hormone replacement therapy, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, and age at menopauseSex, education, race, marital status, family history of thyroid cancer, baseline body mass index, and smoking

Islami [15]2013Iran2003–2007PCCParityAge, sex, and neighborhood of residence

Kabat [16]2012USA1993–2011Cohort studyOral contraceptive, hormone replacement therapy, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, age at menopause, and duration of breastfeedingSex, age, education, height, history of goiter/nodules, pack-years, and alcohol intake

Schonfeld [27]2011USA1995–2006Cohort studyOral contraceptive, hormone replacement therapy, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, and age at menopauseSex, smoking status, baseline body mass index, race, alcohol consumption, and education

Horn-Ross [14]2011USA1995–2008Cohort studyOral contraceptive, hormone replacement therapy, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, and menopausal statusSex, ethnicity, family history of thyroid cancer, time since last pregnancy, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, height, adolescent cycle length, time to regular menstruation, and age at menarche

Meinhold [18]2010USA1983–2006Cohort studyOral contraceptive, hormone replacement therapy, age at menarche, parity, and menopausal statusSex, birth year, smoking status, body mass index, number of personal radiographs to the head or neck, and cumulative occupational radiation dose

Pham [23]2009Japan1988–1997Cohort studyHormone replacement therapy, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, and age at menopauseSex, age at baseline, body mass index, tobacco smoking status, education level, history of diabetes, and study area

Dorjgochoo [10]2009China1996–2006Cohort studyOral contraceptiveSex, education, age at menarche, number of live births, cumulative breast feeding months, body mass index, exercised regularly in past 5 years, smoking, menopausal status, first-degree family history of cancer, and other contraceptive methods

Hannibal [12]2008Denmark1963–2000Cohort studyParity and age at first birthSex, parity, age at cohort entry and calendar year of cohort entry, and age at first live birth

Brindel [9] 2008France1981–2004PCCAge at menarche, parity, age at first birth, menopausal status, age at menopause, breastfeeding status, and duration of breastfeedingSex, educational level, height, body mass index, and interviewer

Wong [30]2006China1989–1998Cohort studyOral contraceptive, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, age at menopause, breastfeeding status, and duration of breastfeedingSex, age, number of live births, and age at first live delivery

Truong [29]2005New Caledonia1993–1999PCCOral contraceptive, hormone replacement therapy, age at menarche, and paritySex, frequency, age, and residential area

Neale [21]2005Sweden1961–1996Cohort study Age at first birthSex, date of birth of the mother, parity, and age at first birth

Navarro Silvera [20]2005Canada1980–2000Cohort studyOral contraceptive, hormone replacement therapy, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, and menopausal statusSex, age at first live birth, study center and randomization group, parity, and HRT use

Zivaljevic [32]2003Serbia1996–2000HCCParitySex, age, place of residence, and time of hospitalization

Negri [22]2002Mixed1974–1992PCCAge at menarche, parity, age at first birth, and menopausal statusSex, age, ethnicity, and study center

Memon [19]2002Middle East1981–1999PCCOral contraceptive, hormone replacement therapy, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, and age at menopauseSex, year of birth, nationality, and district of residence.

Sakoda [26]2002USA1992–1998PCCAge at menarche, menopausal status, and age at menopauseSex, frequency, age, ethnicity, education level, history of goiter or nodules, history of radiation to the head or neck, and family history of proliferative thyroid disease

Rossing [24]2000USA1988–1994PCCAge at menarche, parity, age at first birth, and duration of breastfeedingSex, age, county of residence, race, and relative weight at age 10

Mack [17]1999USA1980–1983PCCAge at menarche, parity, age at first birth, menopausal status, breastfeeding status, and duration of breastfeedingSex, age, prior thyroid disease, and number of births

Takezaki [28] 1996Japan1988–1993HCCAge at menarche, parity, and age at first birthSex, age, and year of visit

Rossing [25]1998USA1988–1994PCCOral contraceptive and hormone replacement therapySex, age, county of residence, race, and relative weight at age 10

Galanti [11]1996Sweden and Norway1985–1993PCCOral contraceptive, hormone replacement therapy, parity, age at first birth, and age at menopauseSex, frequency, year and month of birth, type of menopause, and parity

PCC: population-based case-control studies; HCC: hospital-based case-control studies.