Effects of Exercise on Spinal Deformities and Quality of Life in Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Table 3

Overview of selected studies in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Study	Subjects	Mean age, years (male/female, %)	Design	Group	Duration	Adverse effects	Conclusions
Monticone et al. (2014) [43]	AIS; Cobb angle: 10–25 degrees; Risser sign: <2	Group 1: 12.5 (29/71); Group 2: 12.4 (25/75)	RCT	1: active self-correction and task-oriented exercise (); 2: control: traditional spinal exercise ()	60-minute outpatient sessions once a week and 30-minute home exercise sessions twice a week for 2 weeks; Follow-up: 12 months	Minor temporary pain worsening ( exp. group; control group)	The active self-correction and task-oriented exercise was superior to traditional spinal exercises in reducing spinal deformities
Kuru et al. (2015) [44]	AIS; Cobb angle: 10–60 degrees; Risser sign: 0–3	Group 1: 12.9 (7/93); Group 2: 12.8 (13/87)	RCT	1: Schroth exercises (); 2: control ()	90-minute sessions thrice a week for 6 weeks; Follow-up: 18 weeks	Not reported	Supervised Schroth exercise was superior to control group in reducing spinal deformities.
Diab (2012) [45]	AIS; Cobb angle: 10–30 degrees; Risser sign: 0–2	Group 1: 13.2 (53/47); Group 2: 14.5 (55/45)	RCT	1: forward head correction and traditional exercise (); 2: control: traditional exercise ()	3 sessions a week for 10 weeks; Follow-up: 3 months	Not reported	A regime of forward head corrective exercise in addition to traditional exercises improved scoliotic posture and functional status.
Noh et al. (2014) [46]	AIS; Risser sign: 0–4	Group 1: 13.8 (25/75); Group 2: 14.9 (13/87)	Retrospective Nonrandomized	1: 3D corrective spinal technique (); 2: control: traditional exercise ()	60-minute sessions 2-3 times per week for 3.5 to 4 months; Follow-up: no	Not reported	A regime of corrective spinal technique was superior to traditional exercise in reducing most of the spinal deformities and improved quality of life.
Negrini et al. (2006) [47]	AIS; Cobb angle: >15 degrees; Risser sign: 0–3	Group 1: 13.3 (17/83); Group 2: 13.6 (13/87)	Prospective nonrandomized controlled study	1: SEAS.02 (); 2: control ()	1: 1.5-hour sessions every 2-3 months with prosecution in a facility near home for 40 minutes twice a week and 1 exercise daily for 5 minutes; 2: performing exercises 2-3 times a week for 45 to 90 minutes; Follow-up: no	Not reported	SEAS.02 exercises were superior to control group for reducing spinal deformities.
Negrini et al. (2006) [48]	AIS; Cobb angle: >15 degrees; Risser sign: 0–3	Group 1: 12.7 (22/78); Group 2: 12.1 (24/76)	Prospective nonrandomized controlled study	1: SEAS.02 (); 2: control ()	1: 1.5-hour sessions every 2-3 months with prosecution in a facility near home for 40 minutes twice a week and 1 exercise daily for 5 minutes; 2: performing exercises 2-3 times a week for 45 to 90 minutes; Follow-up: no	Not reported	SEAS.02 exercises were superior to control group for reducing spinal deformities.
Weiss and Klein (2006) [49]	AIS; Cobb angle: >20 degrees	Group 1: 15.3 (0/100); Group 2: 14.7 (0/100)	Prospective controlled study	1: SIR and physiologic exercise (); 2: control: SIR ()	1: 5 days a week (2 hours in the morning and evening each) for 4 weeks and additionally 90 minutes of physiologic exercise for 5 days a week on second or third week; 2: 5 days a week (2 hours in the morning and evening each) for 4 weeks	Not reported	Physiologic exercise program in addition to SIR was superior to SIR alone for correcting lateral deviation.
Weiss et al. (2002) [50]	AIS; Age group: 12 to 18 years	Group 1: 14.8 (NR); Group 2: 15.2 (NR)	RCT	1: SIR and PTF treatment (); 2: control: SIR ()	1: having 5-6 hours of in-patient intensive program and additionally 4–6 PTF treatment of 20 minutes for 4–6 weeks; 2: having only 5-6 hours of in-patient intensive program; Follow-up: no	Not reported	In-patient rehabilitation with PTF was superior to in-patient rehabilitation alone to correct scoliotic posture.
Negrini et al. (2008) [51]	AIS; Cobb angle: >15 degrees; Risser sign: 0–3	Group 1: 12.7 (29/71); Group 2: 12.1 (31/69)	Prospective controlled cohort study	1: SEAS.02 (); 2: control: usual physiotherapy ()	1: 1.5-hour sessions every 2-3 months with prosecution in a facility near home for 40 minutes twice a week and 1 exercise daily for 5 minutes; 2: performing exercises 2-3 times a week for 45 to 90 minutes; Follow-up: no	Not reported	SEAS.02 exercises were superior to control group for reducing progression of scoliosis.

AIS, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SEAS.02, Scientific Exercise Approach to Scoliosis; SIR, scoliosis intensive rehabilitation; PTF, passive transverse force; SRS-22, Scoliosis Research Society-22.