Titanium-Based Hip Stems with Drug Delivery Functionality through Additive Manufacturing

Table 3

SLM and EBM as-built (heat treated) tensile properties in comparison to ASTM F136-08.

Process/standard	Machine	Tensile strength [MPa]	Yield strength [MPa]	% elongation	Heat treatment	Reference
ASTM F136-08	N/A	860	795	10 (minimum)	—	[46]
ASTM F136-08	N/A	825	760	8 (minimum)	—	[46]
SLM	Concept laser M2	1211–1262 (950–1060)	1100–1150 (890–1030)	7.2–9 (6.5–11.7)	Recrystallisation annealing	[47]
SLM	Concept laser M2	±1200 (1000–1100)	>1000 (925–1000)	<10 (12–18)	HIP	[48]
SLM	LM-Q (custom built)	1267 5 (948 27)	1110 ± 9; (899 27)	7.28 ± 1.12; (13.59 0.32)	Beta annealing	[49]
EBM	Arcam A2	928	N/A	3%	—	[50]
EBM	Arcam S400	928 ± 9.8	869 7.2	9.9 1.7	—	[51]
EBM	Arcam	904 ± 6 (902 ± 8.7)	802 7.9; (807 8.4)	13.8 0.9 (14.8 0.5)	HIP	[52]

Specified for diameters of 4.75 to under 44.45 mm.
Specified for diameters of 44.45 to under 63.50 mm.
Samples were machined for a smooth surface but no heat treatment was done.
Machine not specified, and although not explicitly stated by the authors, it is suspected that as-built samples were first machined considering the elongation.