Milk Proteins, Peptides, and Oligosaccharides: Effects against the 21st Century Disorders

Table 3

Biological activities of human, bovine, and goat oligosaccharides.

Microorganisms/animals	Molecule used	Dose	Duration/details	Outcome measured	Reference
Bifidobacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., and Escherichia coli	HMO (2′-FL, 3′-FL, LDFT, 3′-SL and 6′-SL)	0.5–2 g/L	48 hrs OS incubation	SCFA quantification, bacterial growth, and OS consumption	[140]
Mice	HMO (2′-FL and 3′-FL)	500 mM, starting with 5 mL, increasing by 2.5 mL every 3 d reaching a daily amount of 25 mL on day 20	From day 1 to day 20 after birth	Bacterial amount, colitis signs	[141]
Bacteria from human feces	Pooled GOS		During incubation	Bacterial amount	[142]
Mice	Pooled HMO	15 mg/day	One day before and after infection with EPEC	Intestinal colonization of EPEC	[152]
HEp-2 cells	Pooled BMO from colostrum	20 mg/L of total carbohydrate in culture	During incubation	Adherence inhibition	[149]
Bovine thyroglobulin and human salivary agglutinin glycoproteins	Pooled HMO and BMO	40 g/L	During incubation	Neisseria meningitidis; Pili attachment	[150]
Rats	Pooled GOS	500 mg/(kg*d)	2 days before and 6 days after induced colitis	Colonic damage	[153]

HMO: human milk oligosaccharides; FL: fucosyllactose; LDFT: lacto-difucosyl-tetraose; SL: sialyllactose; GOS: galacto-oligosaccharides; BMO: bovine milk oligosaccharides.