1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ Promotes High Glucose-Induced M1 Macrophage Switching to M2 via the VDR-PPAR Signaling Pathway

Table 1

The expression of cytokines in the supernatant of each group (ELISA, pg/mL).

	Control	HG	M1 model	Mannitol	VD	M2 model
TNF-α	660.84 ± 3.21	960.82 ± 1.99^*	1057.64 ± 11.42^*	680.14 ± 10.38	802.00 ± 11.37^#	765.20 ± 33.76^#
IL-12	7.11 ± 1.54	20.45 ± 3.43^*	26.04 ± 0.56^*	9.60 ± 0.91	12.45 ± 0.86^#	11.87 ± 0.56^#
IL-10	21.47 ± 3.83	27.85 ± 1.14	31.19 ± 0.68	23.48 ± 2.03	81.40 ± 3.91^#	90.47 ± 2.22^#

Control: 11.1 mM glucose; HG: 25 mM glucose; M1 model: 100 U/mL IFNγ + 5 ng/mL LPS; VD: 25 mM glucose + 10⁻⁸ mol/L 1,25(OH)₂D₃; M2 model: 10 ng/mL IL-4. Data are presented as the mean ± SD ( = 3-4 per group). ^* versus control; ^# versus HG.