Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pregnant Women: A Seroprevalence and Case-Control Study in Eastern China

Table 2

Sociodemographic and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma seropositivity in pregnant women and controls by univariate analysis.

Characteristic	Pregnant women ()				Controls ()				Total ()
	Number tested	Number positive	%	value	Number tested	Number positive	%	value	Number tested	Number positive	%	value
Age group (years)
25 or less	339	47	13.9	0.17	252	44	17.5	0.49	591	91	15.4	0.03
26–35	467	68	13.7		551	90	16.3		1018	158	15.5
>35	159	32	20.1		162	33	20.4		321	65	20.2
Location
Qingdao	445	69	15.5	0.83	415	77	18.6	0.37	860	146	17.0	0.45
Weihai	520	78	15.0		550	90	16.4		1070	168	15.7
Residence area
Urban	534	70	13.1	0.04	386	60	15.5	0.24	920	130	14.1	0.02
Rural	431	77	17.9		579	107	18.5		1010	184	18.2
Cat at home
Yes	14	4	28.6	0.16	108	33	30.6	<0.001	122	37	30.3	<0.001
No	951	143	15.0		857	134	15.6		1808	277	15.3
Dog at home
Yes	182	22	12.1	0.19	280	35	12.5	0.01	462	57	12.3	0.009
No	783	125	16.0		685	132	19.3		1468	257	17.5
Contact with cat and dog
Yes	203	74	36.5	<0.001	429	113	26.3	<0.001	632	187	29.6	<0.001
No	762	73	9.58		536	54	10.1		1298	127	9.78
Consumption of raw vegetables and fruits
Yes	545	92	16.9	0.11	688	127	18.5	0.14	1233	219	17.8	0.02
No	420	55	13.1		277	40	14.4		697	95	13.6
Consumption of raw/undercooked meat
Yes	692	108	15.6	0.61	625	118	18.9	0.08	1317	226	17.2	0.12
No	273	39	14.3		340	49	14.4		613	88	14.4
Exposure to soil
Yes	572	98	17.1	0.048	731	137	18.7	0.037	1303	235	18.0	0.002
No	393	49	12.5		234	30	12.8		627	79	12.6
Source of drinking water
Tap	715	110	15.4	0.83	642	112	17.4	0.871	1357	222	16.4	0.87
Well + river	250	37	14.8		323	55	17.0		573	92	16.1