|
| Type | Author [Reference] | Year | Animal | Characteristics | Applications |
|
| Carotid jugular fistula (CJF) |
Spetzler et al. [6] | 1978 | cat |
Different types of CJF to cause cerebral hypoperfusion and/or draining venous hypertension, fistula opening and closing simulating the presence and resection of the AVM lesion |
To evaluate the hemodynamic and pathophysiological changes of AVM adjacent parenchyma, but not the AVM lesion itself. To explain the AVM symptoms and the postoperative complications |
| Morgan et al. [7] | 1989 | rat |
| Bederson et al. [8] | 1991 | rat |
| Hai et al. [9] | 2002 | rat |
| Scott et al. [10] | 1978 | monkey |
|
| Intracranial arteriovenous fistula | Numazawa et al. [11] | 2005 | dog | A venous graft shunting blood from a branch of the MCA to the SSS, the arterial territory as the blood stolen tissue surrounding AVMs | As above, more precisely in regional parenchyma, but not in the whole brain |
|
| Rete mirabile (RM) as the AVM nidus | Chaloupka et al. [12] | 1994 | pig | Inserting a needle to communicate the RM with the cavernous sinus |
To Test and evaluate the embolization and radiosurgery therapy |
| Massoud et al. [13] | 1994 | pig |
Establishing a CJF to retrogradely drain the blood from the RM |
| Qian et al. [14] | 1999 | sheep |
|
| Venous plexus as the AVM nidus | Yassari et al. [15] | 2004 | rat | Creating a CJF, arterialized venous vessels as an extracranial AVM lesion | To study molecular mechanism of AVM development and the effect of radiosurgery |
|
| AVM-like lesions derived from implants | Pietilä et al. [16] | 2000 | dog | A pedicled muscle graft implanted to the brain with an arteriovenous bypass | To emonstrate angiogenic mechanism of the AVM formation and development |
|
| Xenograft arteriovenous fistula | Lawton et al. [17] | 2004 | rat | Inserting an arterial graft from transgenic mice between the CCA and the EJV of nude rats | To evaluate the mechanism of radiotherapy and to develop novel therapies |
|
| AVM tissue -implanted cornea model | Konya et al. [18] | 2005 | rat | Transplanting human AVM tissues to the rat’s cornea | To evaluate the angiogenic property and its mechanism of human AVM specimens |
|
| AVM lesions by gene manipulation | Details in Table 2 |
|
