Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Are Associated with Increased Risk of Dementia among the Elderly: A Nationwide Study

Table 3

Cox proportional hazards regression analyses for the risk of dementia stratified by confounding factors.

	Crude hazards (95% CI)		Adjusted hazards^* (95% CI)
LUTS
No	1.00 (ref.)		1.00 (ref.)
Yes	1.61 (1.47–1.76)	<0.0001	1.61 (1.47–1.76)	<0.0001
Age (years)
50~60	1.00 (ref.)		1.00 (ref.)
60~70	3.69 (2.98–4.56)	<0.0001	3.65 (2.94–4.52)	<0.0001
70~80	9.11 (7.45–11.14)	<0.0001	9.02 (7.36–11.07)	<0.0001
≥80	12.71 (10.23–15.80)	<0.0001	12.40 (9.94–15.44)	<0.0001
Gender
Male	1.00 (ref.)		1.00 (ref.)
Female	0.97 (0.90–1.06)	0.5509	1.30 (1.19–1.41)	<0.0001
Hypertension
No	1.00 (ref.)		1.00 (ref.)
Yes	1.59 (1.46–1.73)	<0.0001	1.12 (1.02–1.23)	0.0136
Diabetes
No	1.00 (ref.)		1.00 (ref.)
Yes	1.38 (1.24–1.54)	<0.0001	1.13 (1.01–1.27)	0.0286
Coronary artery disease
No	1.00 (ref.)		1.00 (ref.)
Yes	1.52 (1.36–1.70)	<0.0001	1.03 (0.92–1.16)	0.5793
Hyperlipidemia
No	1.00 (ref.)		1.00 (ref.)
Yes	1.12 (0.97–1.31)	0.1304	1.01 (0.86–1.18)	0.9046
Cerebrovascular disease
No	1.00 (ref.)		1.00 (ref.)
Yes	2.10 (1.87–2.36)	<0.0001	1.43 (1.26–1.61)	<0.0001
Atrial fibrillation
No	1.00 (ref.)		1.00 (ref.)
Yes	1.81 (1.35–2.44)	<0.0001	1.07 (0.80–1.45)	0.6457

The model was adjusted by the variables which were listed above.
CI: confidence interval; LUTS: lower urinary tract symptoms; ref.: reference.