Tracking Transplanted Stem Cells Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Nanoparticle Labeling Method in Urology

Table 1

Studies using stem cell-based gene therapy for prostate cancer.

Study	Stem cell	Animal	Organ	Nanoparticle	Labeling viability	Labeling efficiency	Iron quantification	In vivo MRI	In vitro MRI	Labeling dose
Lee et al. [19]	Human NSC	C57BL/6 mice	Metastatic prostate cancer	MNP	Immunofluorescence microscope, X-gal staining	None	None	T2-weighted gradient-echo	None	100 μg/mL MNP
Rivière et al. [20]	Pig MPC	Pig	Urethral sphincter	AMNP	Indirect antidesmin immunofluorescence	Prussian blue staining and electron microscopic imaging	Magnetophoresis, electron spin resonance	T1-weighted gradient-echo	T1, T2-weighted gradient-echo	AMNPs
Abrate et al. [21]	Human MSC	C57BL/6 mice	Metastatic prostate cancer	None	None	Prussian blue staining and electron microscopic imaging	None	T2-weighted RARE images	None	None
Lee et al. [22]	Human MSC	Rat	Bladder	SPION	Trypan blue staining	Prussian blue staining	None	T1-weighted gradient-echo	None	25 μg/mL SPION
Song et al. [23]	Human MSC	Rat, rabbit	Penis	SPION	Trypan blue staining	Prussian blue staining and electron microscopic imaging	Nome	T2-weighted gradient-echo	T1-weighted gradient-echo	25 μg/mL SPION
Yun and Ja [24]	Human MSC	Rat, rabbit	Bladder	SPION	Trypan blue staining	Prussian blue staining and electron microscopic imaging	None	T2-weighted gradient-echo	T2-weighted gradient-echo	25 μg/mL SPION
Lee et al. [25]	Human NSC	Rat	Bladder	MNP	Immunofluorescence microscope	None	None	T2-weighted gradient-echo	None	100 μg/mL MNP

NSC: neural stem cell; MNP: magnetic nanoparticle; MPC: myogenic precursor cell; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; SPION: super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle.