Review Article
Genomic and Histopathological Tissue Biomarkers That Predict Radiotherapy Response in Localised Prostate Cancer
Table 3
Negative predictive studies in EBRT.
| Marker | Function | Technique | IHC cut point used |
| VEGF [34] | Hypoxia | IHC | 0-1 versus 2-3 cytoplasmic staining intensity | Bcl-2 [44, 60, 70] | Apoptosis | IHC | Nil versus any cytoplasmic staining [44, 60], <10% versus >10% cell staining [70] | Bax [60] | Apoptosis | IHC | Greater or lesser cytoplasm staining intensity relative to normal prostate | AR [15] | Androgen receptor | PCR array | | PCA3 [15] | Prostate marker | PCR array | | PTEN [15] | Cell survival | PCR array | | EZH2 [15] | Transcriptional control | PCR array | | EGFR [15] | Growth receptor | PCR array | | PSMA [15] | Prostate marker | PCR array | | MSMB [15] | Tumour suppression | PCR array | | CAG repeats [71] | | Genotyping (PCR) | | CYP3A4 polymorphisms [72] | | Genotyping | | TMPRSS2/ERG (or ETV1) [16] | Androgen regulated/cell proliferation gene fusion | Array CGH, IHC | Any positive staining versus negative | Osteopontin [46] | SIBLING, tumour associated protein | ELISA | | Ku70 and Ku80 [45] | NHEJ | IHC | Ku70 ≤50% versus >50% nuclear staining, Ku80 ≤60% versus >60% nuclear staining | MRE11 [56] | DNA damage response | Array CGH | | RAD50 [56] | DNA damage response | Array CGH | | ATM [56] | DNA damage response | Array CGH | | ATR [56] | DNA damage response | Array CGH | | PRKDC (DNA PKcs) [56] | NHEJ | Array CGH | |
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SIBLING: small integrin-binding ligand: N-linked glycoprotein.
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