Impact of Volatile Anesthetics on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Figure 2

Biomarkers of oxidative damaged macromolecules. Oxidative stress leads to the damage of macromolecules such as DNA, lipid, and protein. The oxidative damaged macromolecules can be determined by their by-product under oxidative stress. MDA: malondialdehyde; 4-HNE: 4-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; AGE: advanced glycation end products; ALE: advanced lipoxidation end products.