Proteinquakes in the Evolution of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin (A/H1N1) under Opposing Migration and Vaccination Pressures

Figure 10

North Carolina response to swine flu vaccination program, which began in 2007. The small response in 2008 is greatly enhanced by 2009, after which changes were minimal. The key mutations from 2008 (ACD45795) to 2009 (ADM21399) often involve not individual sites but short strings, for instance, TATY13-16ATAN, LLISKE86-91SLSTAS, and TVT144-147DSNK, indicative of both long-range hydrophilic softening and short-range expansion, including the hydrophilic insertion 144D. The strongly antibody producing epitopes for California 2009 [6] were all at HA1 hydropathic maxima (38–73), (318–332) or minima (158–182). Thus the hydroprofile shown here is more informative than the Euclidean structural illustration shown as an inset to Figure 2 of [6].