The 482Ser of PPARGC1A and 12Pro of PPARG2 Alleles Are Associated with Reduction of Metabolic Risk Factors Even Obesity in a Mexican-Mestizo Population
Table 4
Body dimensions, distribution of body fat storage, and metabolic markers profile according to genotypes and phenotype.
(a) Normal range BMI subjects
Measurements
Polymorphism PPARGC1A
Polymorphism PPARG2
Genotypes
Phenotype
Genotypes
Phenotype
Gly/Gly
Gly/Ser
Ser/Ser
Ser+
Pro/Pro
Pro/Ala
Ala/Ala
Ala+
77
60
16
76
117
34
2
36
Height (cm)
164.6 ± 8.3
164.7 ± 9.3
165.5 ± 10.5
164.9 ± 9.5
163.9 ± 9.0
167.5 ± 7.8
165.0 ± 11.3
167.3 ± 7.8
Body weight (kg)
61.0 ± 7.7
60.9 ± 9.5
62.9 ± 9.2
61.4 ± 9.4
60.7 ± 8.9
62.9 ± 6.8
59.5 ± 17.2
62.7 ± 7.2
BMI (kg/m2)
22.49 ± 1.7
22.32 ± 1.6
22.77 ± 1.6
22.4 ± 1.6
22.48 ± 1.6
22.40 ± 1.6
21.55 ± 3.3
22.3 ± 1.7
Total body fat mass (kg)
14.1 ± 5.2
15.0 ± 6.5
13.8 ± 5.8
14.7 ± 6.3
14.6 ± 5.8
13.9 ± 5.3
15.6 ± 11.7
14.0 ± 5.6
Body fat ratio
5.23 ± 1.93
5.60 ± 2.48
4.88 ± 2.25
5.46 ± 2.43
5.46 ± 2.21
4.95 ± 2.08
5.48 ± 3.56
4.98 ± 2.11
Waist circumference (cm)
78.1 ± 8.1
78.1 ± 8.4
80.1 ± 7.9
78.5 ± 8.2
77.7 ± 8.1
80.4 ± 7.9
70.4 ± 6.8
80.1 ± 8.0
Hip circumference (cm)
95.5 ± 4.8
95.9 ± 7.8
95.3 ± 4.5
95.8 ± 7.1
95.8 ± 6.5
95.4 ± 4.5
87.7 ± 5.3
95.2 ± 4.6
WHR
0.82 ± 0.08
0.80 ± 0.14
0.84 ± 0.07
0.81 ± 0.13
0.80 ± 0.11
0.84 ± 0.08
0.79 ± 0.02
0.84 ± 0.09
WthR
0.47 ± 0.04
0.47 ± 0.05
0.48 ± 0.04
0.48 ± 0.05
0.48 ± 0.05
0.48 ± 0.05
0.45 ± 0.05
0.48 ± 0.05
Total adipose area (cm2)
490 ± 104
490 ± 111
515 ± 97
496 ± 108
486 ± 105
519 ± 104
394 ± 92
515 ± 105
Conicity index
1.17 ± 0.09
1.18 ± 0.12
1.19 ± 0.08
1.19 ± 0.12
1.18 ± 0.11
1.20 ± 0.11
1.18 ± 0.01
1.20 ± 0.11
Abdominal volume index (L)
12.5 ± 2.49
12.6 ± 2.71
13.1 ± 2.33
12.7 ± 2.62
12.5 ± 2.5
13.3 ± 2.5
10.1 ± 0.02
13.1 ± 2.54
Glucose (mg/dL)*
87 ± 9.3
89 ± 12.1
80 ± 13.4
87 ± 12.7
87 ± 11.8
85 ± 8.6
79 ± 4.24
85 ± 8.5
Insulin (μIU/mL)
11.3 ± 12.9
18.4 ± 35.5
10.9 ± 7.5
16.9 ± 31.8
14.9 ± 27.3
11.4 ± 9.4
10.2 ± 4.1
11.3 ± 9.2
HOMA-IR
2.40 ± 2.89
3.95 ± 7.22
1.89 ± 1.11
3.54 ± 6.51
3.51 ± 5.67
2.40 ± 2.00
1.98 ± 0.70
2.20 ± 1.90
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
117 ± 70
113 ± 57
114 ± 66
113 ± 58
115 ± 68
118 ± 53
74 ± 6
115 ± 53
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
172 ± 32
173 ± 43
171 ± 39
172 ± 42
172 ± 36
173 ± 42
159 ± 60
172 ± 42
HDLc (mg/dL)
39 ± 17.6
41 ± 16.1
41 ± 17.3
41 ± 16.2
41 ± 17.0
38 ± 16.9
34 ± 5.7
16 ± 2.8
LDLc (mg/dL)
106 ± 29.4
105 ± 41.6
105 ± 42.2
105 ± 41.5
104 ± 35.3
107 ± 37.7
110 ± 53.9
37 ± 6.3
VLDLc (mg/dL)
23.5 ± 14.1
22.7 ± 11.4
22.9 ± 13.4
22.7 ± 11.8
23.1 ± 13.6
23.6 ± 10.7
14.9 ± 1.3
23.2 ± 10.6
Apolipoprotein A-1 (mg/dL)
118 ± 24.4
116 ± 35.9
125 ± 20.3
118 ± 24.4
117 ± 30.9
123 ± 21.7
112 ± 11.7
123 ± 21.7
Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL)
102 ± 30.1
97 ± 28.9
89 ± 20.9
102 ± 30.1
99 ± 29.0
96 ± 27.4
98 ± 12.8
97 ± 10.3
Total sAdiponectin (ng/mL)
8119 ± 4358
6540 ± 1808
10361 ± 4378
8119 ± 4358
7756 ± 3073
7130 ± 5673
5046 ± 2326
5001 ± 2236
sResistin (ng/mL)&
8.1 ± 2.5
8.4 ± 2.3
9.7 ± 3.8
8.1 ± 2.5
7.9 ± 2.2
11.2 ± 1.5
10.7 ± 1.9
11.3 ± 1.5
sLeptin (ng/mL)
18.5 ± 14.9
18.0 ± 15.1
14.6 ± 3.2
18.4 ± 14.9
16.2 ± 14.5
20.8 ± 17.4
33.2 ± 11.9
23.9 ± 15.5
= 153. Normal range BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2. Data are means ± SD. *Gly/Ser versus Ser/Ser genotypes, = 0.022. &ALA− versus ALA+ phenotypes = 0.009. BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist-hip ratio; WthR: waist height ratio; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HDLc, LDLc, and VLDLc: high, low, and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, respectively.
(b) Preobese range BMI subjects
Measurements
Polymorphism PPARGC1A
Polymorphism PPARG2
Genotypes
Phenotype
Genotypes
Phenotype
Gly/Gly
Gly/Ser
Ser/Ser
Ser+
Pro/Pro
Pro/Ala
Ala/Ala
Ala+
74
54
16
70
117
27
0
27
Height (cm)
163.8 ± 8.8
164.8 ± 9.77
157.9 ± 6.6
163.2 ± 9.6
164.2 ± 8.9
160.5 ± 9.8
—
160.5 ± 9.8
Body weight (kg)
74.0 ± 9.3
74.2 ± 9.7
68.5 ± 5.7
72.8 ± 9.3
74.0 ± 8.9
71.3 ± 10.6
—
71.3 ± 10.6
BMI (kg/m2)
27.50 ± 1.50
27.20 ± 1.32
27.48 ± 1.43
27.27 ± 1.34
27.35 ± 1.42
27.55 ± 1.45
—
27.55 ± 1.45
Total body fat mass (kg)
23.8 ± 5.1
22.4 ± 5.5
21.4 ± 4.3
22.1 ± 5.2
22.6 ± 5.4
23.8 ± 4.4
—
23.8 ± 4.4
Body fat ratio
8.78 ± 2.04
8.28 ± 2.17
8.61 ± 1.78
8.37 ± 2.06
8.40 ± 2.16
9.14 ± 1.51
—
9.14 ± 1.51
Waist circumference (cm)
92.3 ± 8.4
91.2 ± 8.2
90.1 ± 6.7
91.0 ± 7.8
91.6 ± 7.7
91.5 ± 9.8
—
91.5 ± 9.8
Hip circumference (cm)
103.6 ± 5.1
101.9 ± 5.5
100.8 ± 3.8
101.6 ± 5.1
102.6 ± 5.3
102.8 ± 4.5
—
102.8 ± 4.5
WHR
0.90 ± 0.14
0.90 ± 0.08
0.90 ± 0.07
0.89 ± 0.08
0.89 ± 0.12
0.89 ± 0.08
—
0.89 ± 0.08
WthR
0.56 ± 0.04
0.55 ± 0.04
0.57 ± 0.03
0.56 ± 0.04
0.56 ± 0.04
0.58 ± 0.04
—
0.58 ± 0.04
Total adipose area (cm2)
682 ± 125
667 ± 18
649 ± 95
662 ± 112
672 ± 112
673 ± 149
—
673 ± 149
Conicity index
1.26 ± 0.08
1.25 ± 0.09
1.26 ± 0.07
1.25 ± 0.09
1.25 ± 0.08
1.27 ± 0.09
—
1.27 ± 0.09
Abdominal volume index (L)
17.30 ± 3.08
16.90 ± 2.87
16.43 ± 2.29
16.78 ± 2.73
17.04 ± 2.74
17.10 ± 3.7
—
17.07 ± 3.70
Glucose (mg/dL)
97 ± 12.1
95 ± 11.7
92 ± 13.5
94 ± 12.1
95 ± 11.3
97 ± 15.4
—
97 ± 15.4
Insulin (μIU/mL)
15.9 ± 9.9
18.9 ± 19.1
13.3 ± 5.9
17.6 ± 17.1
17.3 ± 14.9
14.5 ± 7.5
—
14.5 ± 7.5
HOMA-IR
3.91 ± 2.54
4.43 ± 4.63
3.06 ± 1.48
4.11 ± 4.15
4.12 ± 3.67
3.52 ± 1.99
—
3.53 ± 1.99
Triglycerides (mg/dL)*
186 ± 124
153 ± 74
133 ± 60
148 ± 71
173 ± 108
145 ± 76
—
145 ± 76
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
195 ± 43
189 ± 40
188 ± 31
189 ± 38
193 ± 44
187 ± 25
—
187 ± 25
HDLc (mg/dL)
&
37 ± 13.6
36 ± 13.0
32 ± 12.2
36 ± 12.7
36 ± 12.7
41 ± 14.1
—
41 ± 14.1
LDLc (mg/dL)
111 ± 32.5
115 ± 41.3
115 ± 35.4
115 ± 39.7
114 ± 38.1
107 ± 25.6
—
107 ± 25.6
VLDLc (mg/dL)
36.2 ± 24.8
30.5 ± 14.7
26.8 ± 12.1
29.6 ± 14.2
34.0 ± 21.6
29.1 ± 15.3
—
29.1 ± 15.3
Apolipoprotein A-1 (mg/dL)
109 ± 15.6
120 ± 31.5
108 ± 6.7
118 ± 29.1
110 ± 15.8
124 ± 37.5
—
124 ± 37.5
Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL)
129 ± 40.5
117 ± 23.0
113 ± 9.0
117 ± 21.4
125 ± 35.4
121 ± 30.9
—
121 ± 30.9
Total sAdiponectin (ng/mL)
3929 ± 3145
3563 ± 2715
3283 ± 3107
3485 ± 2801
3646 ± 2745
3721 ± 3516
—
3721 ± 3516
sResistin (ng/mL)
8.9 ± 2.6
10.6 ± 3.8
10.5 ± 4.9
10.6 ± 3.8
9.3 ± 3.4
10.6 ± 2.8
—
10.6 ± 2.8
sLeptin (ng/mL)
24.1 ± 14.3
20.2 ± 14.9
31.3 ± 16.7
23.6 ± 16.1
23.2 ± 16.0
26.0 ± 13.5
—
26.0 ± 13.5
. Preobese range, BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2. Data are means ± SD. *Ser− versus Ser+ phenotypes, = 0.030. &Ala− versus Ala+ phenotypes, = 0.039.
(c) Obese range BMI subjects
Measurements
Polymorphism PPARGC1A
Polymorphism PPARG2
Genotypes
Phenotype
Genotypes
Phenotype
Gly/Gly
Gly/Ser
Ser/Ser
Ser+
Pro/Pro
Pro/Ala
Ala/Ala
Ala+
38
31
9
40
61
13
4
17
Height (cm)
162.9 ± 9.3
162.1 ± 9.8
170.5 ± 1.3
164.0 ± 10.6
164.2 ± 9.9
159.2 ± 8.8
166.8 ± 13.4
160.9 ± 10.1
Body weight (kg)*
90.6 ± 11.8
87.4 ± 13.4
108.9 ± 10.8
92.2 ± 15.6
91.9 ± 14.6
89.7 ± 10.9
89.7 ± 12.9
89.7 ± 11.0
BMI (kg/ )*
34.08 ± 3.34
33.18 ± 0.55
37.80 ± 5.30
34.21 ± 4.38
34.02 ± 4.03
35.41 ± 3.47
32.18 ± 1.49
34.64 ± 3.38
Total body fat mass (kg)*
34.4 ± 7.8
34.3 ± 7.1
47.7 ± 9.2
37.9 ± 9.7
36.7 ± 8.8
35.4 ± 10.9
32.4 ± 4.5
34.5 ± 9.4
Body fat ratio*
13.12 ± 3.23
13.19 ± 2.76
16.48 ± 0.42
14.06 ± 3.52
13.73 ± 3.32
13.87 ± 4.04
11.81 ± 2.35
13.2 ± 3.7
Waist circumference (cm)
106.4 ± 11.7
103.2 ± 9.6
110.9 ± 9.6
104.9 ± 9.9
105.7 ± 10.9
102.2 ± 10.5
113.1 ± 7.9
105.3 ± 10.8
Hip circumference (cm)*
115.8 ± 9.6
115.6 ± 8.2
127.6 ± 14.3
118.1 ± 10.7
117.5 ± 10.3
116.7 ± 0.4
110.0 ± 5.9
114.8 ± 9.6
WHR°&
0.94 ± 0.12
0.89 ± 0.08
0.77 ± 0.31
0.87 ± 0.16
0.89 ± 0.15
0.90 ± 0.11
1.03 ± 0.10
0.93 ± 0.12
WthR
0.65 ± 0.07
0.63 ± 0.07
0.65 ± 0.08
0.63 ± 0.07
0.64 ± 0.07
0.65 ± 0.07
0.68 ± 0.04
0.65 ± 0.07
Total adipose area (cm2)
911 ± 198
855 ± 161
984 ± 167
882 ± 168
898 ± 186
838 ± 167
1021 ± 138
891 ± 176
Conicity index
#
1.31 ± 0.11
1.28 ± 0.09
1.26 ± 0.07
1.28 ± 0.08
1.29 ± 0.08
1.25 ± 0.14
1.42 ± 0.05
1.30 ± 0.15
Abdominal volume index (L)
23.08 ± 4.92
21.66 ± 3.97
24.98 ± 4.25
22.4 ± 4.2
22.8 ± 4.6
21.3 ± 4.1
25.7 ± 3.5
22.6 ± 4.4
Glucose (mg/dL)
+
98 ± 15.2
97 ± 11.4
92 ± 11.2
96 ± 11.4
96 ± 13.3
104 ± 13.3
96 ± 9.0
103 ± 13.8
Insulin (μIU/mL)
+
21.4 ± 22.0
27.2 ± 36.8
33.8 ± 33.3
28.7 ± 35.7
22.6 ± 20.4
40.8 ± 57.3
11.9 ± 7.0
39.5 ± 55.2
HOMA-IR
+∆
5.45 ± 5.79
6.59 ± 9.00
5.35 ± 3.21
6.34 ± 8.13
5.13 ± 4.27
10.38 ± 13.9
2.92 ± 1.96
10.05 ± 13.4
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
&
171 ± 103
130 ± 40
151 ± 42
135 ± 41
155 ± 85
142 ± 52
149 ± 58
144 ± 52
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
194 ± 26
194 ± 38
178 ± 23
191 ± 36
191 ± 33
193 ± 24
219 ± 21
199 ± 25
HDLc (mg/dL)
36 ± 10.3
38 ± 16.9
43 ± 18.8
39 ± 17.2
36 ± 14.8
40 ± 10.9
48 ± 13.4
42 ± 11.6
LDLc (mg/dL)∞
120 ± 27.4
118 ± 25.1
99 ± 26.4
114 ± 26.3
114 ± 26.7
121 ± 21.4
150 ± 27.7
128 ± 25.4
VLDLc (mg/dL)
33.9 ± 20.7
26.2 ± 8.2
30.3 ± 8.4
27.2 ± 8.3
30.9 ± 17.2
28.5 ± 10.5
30.0 ± 11.8
28.8 ± 10.5
Apolipoprotein A1 (mg/dL)°&
106 ± 16.9
123 ± 28.7
148 ± 37.9
128 ± 31.5
116 ± 29.3
124 ± 12.4
112 ± 17.9
119 ± 15.0
Apolipoprotein B (mg/dL)*
121 ± 25.8
115 ± 16.8
80 ± 46.8
108 ± 28.3
116 ± 20.9
87 ± 54.7
134 ± 37.5
107 ± 50.8
Total sAdiponectin (ng/mL)
+
4421 ± 3452
3897 ± 1769
5946 ± 5929
4553 ± 3646
4598 ± 3779
3596 ± 2364
4861 ± 1613
3210 ± 1466
sResistin (ng/mL)
10.3 ± 4.1
9.3 ± 2.0
14.3 ± 2.3
10.8 ± 3.1
10.5 ± 3.3
8.0 ± 3.7
11.7 ± 6.7
10.8 ± 5.7
sLeptin (ng/mL)
55.8 ± 31.1
54.8 ± 26.4
72.6 ± 41.1
58.9 ± 30.7
55.4 ± 30.9
69.5 ± 30.7
57.4 ± 26.7
66.1 ± 29.1
. Obese range, BMI >30.0 kg/m2. Data are means ± SD. *Gly/Gly versus Gly/Ser and Ser/Ser genotypes, °Gly/Gly versus Ser/Ser genotypes, &Ser− versus Ser+ phenotypes, #Pro/Pro versus Pro/Ala and Ala/Ala genotypes, ∆Pro/Pro versus Pro/Ala genotypes, ∞Pro/Pro versus Ala/Ala genotypes, +Ala− versus Ala+ phenotypes, < 0.05.
