Author Type of study Patients ( Risk factors for NHAP Predictors of NHAP severity Arinzon et al. [17 ] Retrospective study 148 Presence and duration of fever, respiratory rate, serum CRP and albumin levels, lymphocyte count, number of comorbid diseases, CHF, and DM PSI (Pneumonia Severity Index), Missouri study index, and the nursing home associated pneumonia (NHAP) severity index
Chen [76 ] Prospective cohort study 233 Hemoglobin A1c Barthel index (BI), Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) Chosa [77 ] Prospective study 161 Swallowing impairment Pneumonia incidences El Solh et al. [16 ] Retrospective study 334 2003 community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) guideline versus the 2005 healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) guideline Pneumonia severity, multilobar involvement, clinical stability, length of hospital stay, and mortality Gryglewska et al. [78 ] Prospective study 189 Higher diastolic BP, nitrate, and CCB use Incidence of nursing home-acquired pneumonia among long-term care facilities residents Gussoni et al. [79 ] Prospective study 1,219 Nursing home acquired versus community acquired Failing therapy
Hutt et al. [80 ] Retrospective chart review 2,251 Not using explicit criteria defined by a multispecialty panel Modified Delphi approach with an episode score that considered hospitalization and timing, route, duration, and spectrum of antibiotics Hutt et al. [81 ] Quasiexperimental, mixed-methods multifaceted intervention trial 1123 Residents not complying with vaccination guidelines Hospitalization rates
van der Steen et al. [82 ] Prospective Study 374 Severity of dementia, swallowing disturbance, aspiration, insufficient food intake, weight loss, and dehydration Death (rate), cure rate, and increase in discomfort at the onset of pneumonia Kim et al. [67 ] Prospective study 73 Procalcitonin, pro-ANP, and copeptin Mortality in NHAP Klapdor et al. [25 ] Retrospective study 618 Age Short- and long-term mortality Lee et al. [10 ] Retrospective observational study 208 N/A NHAP model score, Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), CURB-65, and SOAR
Loed [32 ] Retrospective study N/A Alcoholism, bronchial asthma, immunosuppression, lung disease, heart disease, institutionalization, and increasing age Prevalence of NHAP Ma et al. [83 ] Prospective study 772 N/A Sputum routine and mycobacterial cultures, blood and urine cultures, serology, and nasopharyngeal aspirate viral culture and polymerase chain reaction tests Ma et al. [84 ] Prospective, observational cohort study 488 Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and nursing home-acquired versus community acquired Katz score, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), pneumonia severity (CURB score), microbiology, and clinical outcome Man et al. [85 ] Prospective observational study 767 N/A PSI, CURB-65, M-ATS, R-ATS, and Espana rule
Marrie and Blanchard [28 ] Prospective study 243 NHAP versus CAP Mortality rate Mylotte et al. [86 ] Prospective study 158 N/A Pneumonia prognosis index Naughton et al. [54 ] Prospective cohort study 378 N/A Respiratory rate >30 breaths/minute, pulse >125 beats/minute, altered mental status, and a history of dementia Sund-Levander et al. [87 ] Retrospective study 234 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ADL status >5, and male gender Case-fatality rate
