Electroencephalographic Changes Associated with Antinociceptive Actions of Lidocaine, Ketamine, Meloxicam, and Morphine Administration in Minimally Anaesthetized Dogs

Table 2

Pre- and posttreatment absolute values (mean ± SE) of MF (Hz) with their percentage change (mean values) at various stimulation times across treatment groups.

Treatment	Before treatment	% change	5 min	% change	20 min	% change	40 min	% change
MF (KLD)
Before stimulation	12.17 ± 4.57^b		11.26 ± 7.65^b		15.64 ± 11.04^ba		11.53 ± 3.28^b
After stimulation	20.1 ± 4.15^a	108.18	11.03 ± 7.27^b	25.07	19.02 ± 9.76^a	88.12	16.13 ± 3.49^ba	63.38
MF (LLD)
Before stimulation	11.93 ± 2.55^bc		7.76 ± 1.05^c		11.81 ± 2.88^bc		7.97 ± 0.86^c
After stimulation	24.11 ± 6.58^a	112.17	13.19 ± 2.58^b	65.52	21.74 ± 5.44^a	83.87	21.06 ± 5.74^a	155.19
MF (MRP)
Before stimulation	9.09 ± 1.47^c		9.29 ± 2.53^c		9.14 ± 2.47^c		9.87 ± 2.53^c
After stimulation	20.58 ± 1.57^a	172.69	15.39 ± 4.34^b	104.41	14.94 ± 1.93^b	69.78	13.46 ± 1.24^b	72.05
MF (MLX)
Before stimulation	6.23 ± 0.56^c		8.05 ± 0.77^bc		9.42 ± 1.09^b		9.7 ± 1.46^b
After stimulation	14.4 ± 3.64^a	124.42	16.99 ± 2.76^a	121.3	16.79 ± 3.65^a	82.8	17.11 ± 2.8^a	75.25

Means within a row and column in each treatment group followed by different letters are significantly different at (). MF = median frequency. KLD = ketamine loading dose. LLD = lidocaine loading dose. MRP = morphine. MLX = meloxicam.