Effects of PMA (PHORBOL-12-MYRISTATE-13-ACETATE) on the Developing Rodent Brain

Figure 1

Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in PMA (500 μg/kg) treated rat pups. ((a)–(c)) Quantitative analysis of IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 mRNA expression at 24 h after PMA administration. Data are normalized to levels of vehicle treated animals (control = 100%). Values are presented as mean ± SEM. , one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Newman-Keul post hoc test.

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