Blood Brain Barrier: A Challenge for Effectual Therapy of Brain Tumors

Table 2

Recent modifications of few important brain tumor drugs.

Drug name	Mode of action	Modification type	Examples	Usual route of administration	Targeted brain tumor type	Reference
Temozolomide	Alkylating agent	Nanoparticle based	Polysorbate-80 coated PBCA nanoparticles as feasible carrier for TMZ delivery to the brain			[193]
			Transferrin-appended PEGylated nanoparticles for TMZ delivery to brain			[194]
			TMZ solid lipid nanoparticles (TMZ-SLNs)	Oral	Glioblastoma multiforme	[195]
			Polysorbate-80 coated TMZ loaded PLGA based supermagnetic nanoparticles			[196]
			TMZ loaded in PLGA nanoparticle			[197]
			TMZ loaded in chitosan nanoparticle			[198]
			TMZ loaded in albumin nanoparticle			[199]
Carmustine (BCNU)	Alkylating agent	Liposomes, polymer microchips, and microspheres	Gliadel			[200]
		Nanoparticles	Chitosan surface-modified poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles loaded with BCNU	Wafer implant/IV/oral	Glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma, and low grade astrocytoma	[201]
			Catanionic solid lipid nanoparticles (CASLNs) carrying BCNU			[202]
			BCNU-loaded poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticle			[203]
Doxorubicin (DOX)	Anthracyclines, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis	Liposome	Long-circulating PEGylated liposomes to cross blood brain barrier			[204]
		Nanoparticle	Cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (CASLNs), loaded with DOX	IV	Glioblastoma multiforme	[205]
			Human serum albumin nanoparticles loaded with DOX			[206]
Lomustine (CCNU)	Alkylating nitrosourea compound	Liposomes or microcapsules	Administration of CCNU-Lips and inclusion complex solution of CCNU with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (CCNU-Sol)	Oral	Oligodendrogliomas and mixed oligoastrocytomas	[207]
Vincristine (Oncovin)	Vinca alkaloid	Liposome	Vincristine sulfate liposome, PEGylated liposome	IV	Anaplastic oligoastrocytoma and oligodendroglioma, metastatic secondary brain tumors	[208, 209]
Cisplatin	Platinum-containing anticancer drugs	Liposome	Transferrin-modified cisplatin liposome Cis-lipo(Tf)	IV	Glioma, medulloblastoma, and other types of brain tumors	[210]
Carboplatin	Platinum-based antineoplastic agents	Liposomes	Liposomal carboplatin	IV	Glioma, medulloblastoma, and other types of brain tumors	[211]
Methotrexate	Antimetabolite and antifolate	Nanoparticle	Magnetic nanoparticles	Oral/injection	Malignant brain tumors, brain lymphoma	[212]
Etoposide (ETP)	Topoisomerase inhibitor	Nanoparticle	ETP-encapsulated cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (ETP-CASLNs) grafted with 5-HT-moduline	IV/oral	Malignant brain tumors	[213]
			Liposomal etoposide			[211]
Actinomycin (dactinomycin)	Polypeptide antibiotics	Liposome	Liposome encapsulated actinomycin	IV	Secondary brain tumor, child brain tumor	[214]
Irinotecan	DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor	Liposome	Nanoliposomal irinotecan	IV	Glioblastoma multiforme	[215]
Paclitaxel (Taxol)	Taxanes	Chemical	Tx-67,10-O-deacetylpaclitaxel 10-monosuccinyl ester			[216]
		Liposomes	Polysorbate 80 coated poly (-caprolactone)-poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (-caprolactone) (PCEC) micelles	IV	High grade glioma, oligodendroglioma	[217]
			Paclitaxel plus artemether liposomes			[218]