|
| Study |
Population
(Sample size and age) | App | Reference | Body segment | Movement | Type | Results |
| Validity |
Reliability |
| Intraobserver | Interobserver |
|
| Tousignant-Laflamme et al., 2013 [11] | Healthy volunteers
(28, 23 ± 6 years) | Clinometer and Compass on iPhone | Eyeglasses with three inclinometers | Head | Flexion/extension/rotation | Active
CROM | ICC between 0.50 and 0.65 but <0.50 for rotation | ICC = 0.65–0.85 | ICC < 0.60 |
|
| Quek et al., 2014 [12] | Healthy volunteers
(21, 31 ± 9 years) | Customized Android | 3D motion analyses system | Head | Flexion/extension/rotation | Active
CROM | ICC = 0.53–0.98, Spearman’s = 0.52–0.98 | ICC = 0.82–0.90 but poor in rotation: ICC = 0.05–0.33 | N/A |
|
| Shin et al., 2012 [13] | Healthy volunteers
(41, 52.7 ± 17.5
years) | Clinometer on Android | Double armed goniometer | Shoulder | Forward flexion/abduction/external
and internal rotation and abduction | Passive and
active ROM | LOA = 10–40°
Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) = 0.79–0.97 | except for
= 0.63–0.68 (internal rotation at 90° abduction) | |
|
| Werner et al., 2014 [14] | Healthy volunteers (24) and symptomatic patients (15) | Clinometer on iPhone | Visual estimation and standard goniometer | Shoulder | Forward flexion/abduction/external
and internal rotation | Passive
ROM | For healthy volunteers, ICC > 0.60 and SEM < 4.3°
For symptomatic patients, ICC > 0.80 and SEM < 0.1° | N/A | For healthy volunteers, ICC > 0.60 and SEM < 10.1°
For symptomatic patients, ICC > 0.60 and SEM < 5.8° |
|
| Mitchell et al., 2014 [15] | Healthy volunteers (94) | GetMyRom and DrGoniometer on iPhone | Standard goniometer | Shoulder | External rotation | Active
ROM | ICC = 0.94 | ICC = 0.94 | ICC = 0.79 |
|
| Oïhénart et al., 2012 [16] | Healthy volunteers (5) | iShould on iPhone or iPod touch | 3D kinematic sensors | Shoulder | Anterior elevation and extension/abduction/adduction/internal
and external rotation | Active
ROM | Mean difference (%): 1.09 for RAV and 0.60 for score | N/A | N/A |
|
| Johnson et al., 2015 [17] | Healthy volunteers (1) | Customized Android | Double-armed goniometer and full-scale motion capture | Shoulder | Abduction | Passive
ROM | Mean difference in B&A plots = −1.7° (seated position) and 1.4° (supine position) | CCC > 0.992 | CCC > 0.989 |
|
| Ferriero et al., 2011 [18] | Healthy volunteers (28 pictures!) | DrGoniometer on iPhone | Plastic universal goniometer | Elbow | Elbow placed at different angles | Passive
ROM | LOA = +4.51°, −5.75° | ICC = 0.998 | ICC = 0.998 |
|
|
Ockendon and Gilbert, 2012 [19] | Healthy volunteers
(5, 30–40 years) | Knee goniometer on iPhone | Telescopic-armed goniometer | Knee | Flexion | Passive
ROM | LOA = 15.2°
PCC = 0.947 | PCC = 0.982 | PCC = 0.994 |
|
| Hambly et al., 2012 [20] | Healthy volunteers
(96, 31 ± 11 years) | Knee goniometer on iPhone | Telescopic-armed goniometer | Knee | Flexion | Active
ROM | PCC = 0.932
paired -test indicates significant difference but not clinically significant | ICC = 0.894
PCC = 0.795 | N/A |
|
| Jones et al., 2014 [21] | Healthy volunteers
(36, 60.6 ± 6.2 years) | Simple goniometer on iPhone | Universal goniometer | Knee | Lunge forward | Active
ROM | LOA = 13.1°
= 0.96–0.98 | ICC = 0.97–0.99 | N/A |
|
| Milanese et al., 2014 [22] | Healthy volunteers (6) | Knee goniometer on iPhone | Universal goniometer | Knee | Flexion | Passive
ROM | CCCexpert = 0.982
CCCnovice = 0.983
CCCensemble = 0.991
CPP = −0.51
SEM < 2.7° (gonio)
SEM < 1.4° (apps) | CCCexpert > 0.998
CCCnovice > 0.997
| CCCexpert > 0.996
CCCnovice > 0.998
CCCtogether = 0.997
|
|
| Rwakabayiza et al., 2013 [23] | Healthy volunteers (20) and symptomatic patients (20) | Knee goniometer on iPhone | Universal goniometer | Knee | Flexion/extension | Active and
passive ROM | On 6 patients
ICC = 0.54 (Smartphone) in active extension
ICC = 0.92 (Smartphone) in active flexion (better than goniometer) | ICChealthy = 0.85 (0.75–0.94)
ICCsymptomatic = 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | ICChealthy = 0.12 (0.00–0.25)
ICCsymptomatic = 0.24 (0.00–0.45) |
|
| Bruyneel and Bridon, 2015 [24] | Healthy volunteers
(41, 18–26 years) | Clinometer on iPhone | Hand-held bilevel inclinometer | Knee | Extension | Passive
ROM | N/A | ICC > 0.76 (inclinometer)
ICC > 0.72 (Smartphone)
MDC < 5° | ICC > 0.64 (inclinometer)
ICC > 0.64 (Smartphone)
MDC < 8° |
|
| Jenny 2013 [25] | Symptomatic patients
(10, 69 years) | Angle on iPhone | Navigation system | Knee | Flexion/extension | Passive
ROM | LOA = 27.4°
-test not significant
Spearman’s = 0.99
B&A: good coherence | ICC = 0.81 | ICC = 0.79 |
|
| Ferriero et al., 2013 [26] | Healthy volunteers (1) | DrGoniometer on iPhone | Universal goniometer | Knee | Different knee angles measurement | Passive
ROM | LOA = −7.5°/+10.71°
B&A | ICC = 0.958 | ICC = 0.994 |
|
| Jenny et al., 2015 [27] | Symptomatic patients
(10, 69 ± 10.8) | Goniometer Pro and DrGoniomter on iPhone | Navigation system | Knee | Flexion/extension | Passive
ROM | Strong correlation and a good coherence (Levene’s test, ANOVA test, Wilcoxon’s test, Kendall’s test, Spearman’s test, and B&A). Inclinometer results differed | N/A | N/A |
|
| Andrea et al., 2014 [28] | Symptomatic patients (35) | “SmartJoint” Android and iOS application | KT 100 | Knee | Lachman’s test | NC | Mean
ICC = 0.797 (uninvolved knee)
ICC = 0.987
(involved knee) |
ICC = 0.973 (uninvolved knee)
ICC = 0.989 (involved knee) |
ICC = 0.957 (uninvolved knee)
ICC = 0.992 (involved knee) |
|
| Yoon et al., 2014 [29] | Healthy volunteers (10, 22.2 ± 1.69 years) | TiltMeter on iPhone | Digital inclinometer | Hip | Measure of femoral neck anteversion | Passive
ROM | Similarly ICC |
= 0.95
SEM = 1.9°–2.2° | = 0.85
SEM = 4.1° |
|
| Peters et al., 2012 [30] | Symptomatic patients (50, 67 years from 31 to 84) | Angle and Camera Protractor on iPhone | X-Rays | Hip | Measurements for total hip arthroplasty | NC | Differences are under 5% between pre- and postop | N/A | N/A |
|
| Charlton et al., 2015 [31] | Healthy volunteers
(20, 23.8 ±4.6 years) | Hip ROM tester | Camera marker based 3DMA | Hip | Flexion/abduction/adduction/supine internal
and external rotation | Passive
ROM | (for 6 movements)
= 0.71 (for supine external rotation) | (for 4 movements)
= 0.63–0.68 (for 3 movements) | N/A |
|
| Vohralik et al., 2014 [32] | Healthy volunteers
(20, 21–28 years) | iHandy Level on iPhone | Digital inclinometer | Ankle | Ankle dorsiflexion range | Active
ROM | CPP = 0.99 | = 0.97 | = 0.76 |
|
| Williams et al., 2013 [33] | Healthy volunteers
(20, 40 ± 12 years) | TiltMeter on iPhone | Digital inclinometer | Ankle | Weight bearing lunge test | Active
ROM | ICC = 0.83 | = 0.81–0.85 | = 0.80–0.96 |
|
| Kolber et al., 2013 [34] | Healthy volunteers
(30, 25.6 ± 2.1 years) | iHandy Level on iPhone | Bubble inclinometer | Spinal | Thoracolumbopelvic flexion, isolated lumbar flexion, thoracolumbopelvic extension right lateral flexion, and left lateral flexion | Active
ROM |
LOA = 18–30° | | |
|
| Izatt et al., 2012 [35] | NC (8 torso) | Scoligauge on iPhone | Scoliometer | Spinal | NC | Passive | LOA = 6.2° | ICC 95% = ±3.2° | ICC = 0.92 (absolute agreement definition)
IC 95% = ±4.9° |
|
| Franko et al., 2012 [36] | NC (60 angles) | Scoligauge on iPhone | Scoliometer | Spinal | Sixty angles randomly selected | Passive | CPP = 0.99 | N/A | N/A |
|
| Balg et al., 2014 [37] | Symptomatic patients (34) | Scoligauge on iPhone | Scoliometer | Spinal | Scoliosis angles | Active | ICC = 0.947
Mean difference = 0.4° | ICC = 0.961
Mean difference = 0.0° | ICC = 0.901
Mean difference = 0.1° |
|
| Qiao et al., 2014 [38] | Symptomatic patients
(64, 15.7 year) | Scoligauge on iPhone | Scoliometer | Spinal | Scoliosis angles | Active | Mean angles are similar | ICC (scoliometer) = 0.954
ICC (apps) = 0.965 | ICC (scoliometer) = 0.943
ICC (apps) = 0.964 |
|
